Let's start with the warming relationship between South Korea and China.
It had looked as though there would be no turning back when Beijing began imposing highly
damaging economic retaliation measures over Seoul's missile defense upgrade decision.
But with the top nuclear envoys of the two sides set to hold talks in Beijing today,..
the door for more meetings and closer ties is now open.
Kim Hyo-sun reports.
South Korea's special representative for Korean Peninsula peace and security affairs, Lee
Do-hoon, will meet with his Chinese counterpart Kong Xuanyou in Beijing on Tuesday.
This will be their first face-to-face meeting since the two took office.
And early next month,... a delegation of six South Korean lawmakers led by Representative
Chung Dong-young of the liberal opposition People's Party,... will sit down with China's
former State Councilor Tang Jiaxuan to discuss measures to tackle North Korea's nuclear threats.
Moreover, former South Korean prime minister Lee Soo-sung and five sitting lawmakers are
scheduled to attend a seminar with Chinese diplomatic experts in Beijing on Friday.
The two neighbors also plan to resume police authorities exchanges, which have been halted
since July last year after Seoul's announcement of the deployment of the THAAD anti-missile
system.
Diplomatic sources in Beijing have interpreted the resumption of government-level exchanges
as a positive sign.
(CHINESE) "We hope South Korea-China relations return
to a peaceful and healthy trajectory as soon as possible."
With such a marked thawing of relations,... watchers note that such changes could be seen
as orders from the Chinese leadership.
Kim Hyo-sun, Arirang News.
For more infomation >> Resumption of South Korea-China public exchanges may signal improved bilateral relations - Duration: 1:51.-------------------------------------------
Thomas Barclay - Microlensing and the K2 Experiment | Science Public Lecture | NASA Lecture - Duration: 53:14.
Welcome to the 2016 NASA Ames summer series
Biology is a magnification of the physical laws and structures that it is made of
Planets until recently have been thought to be unique, but the Kepler mission has demonstrated
that they are ubiquitous part of the physical universe and just
a reflection of the physical universe
K2
Has taken the Kepler satellite that's lost its ability to maintain
its
Long-duration pointing stability and created a new mission that observes the fields along the ecliptic Elaine
What discoveries await?
Today's presentation entitled micro lensing and the k2 experiment will be given by dr. Thomas Barkley
Dr. Barkley is the director of the Kepler k2 guest observer office?
where he is in part as
part of the duties responsible for performing Kepler and k2
driven investigations
He received a Bachelors of Science and physics from the University of Leeds
Followed by a Masters of Science in astronomy and radio astronomy from the University of Manchester
he then went on to
receive a PhD in astrophysics from the
University College London
Several notable discoveries that dr. Barkley, led
Include the detection of the smallest known exoplanet
and characterization of the first super Earths sized planet
Orbiting close to its star's habitable zone
Please join me in welcoming dr. Barkley
Good morning everyone and thanks for coming and hopefully you're all well and rest rested from the three-day weekend
So you'll be awake for the entire presentation which is going to be a really great thing
I'm going to talk about k2 the k2 mission, but I'm going to start actually by talking about the Kepler mission
We use the Kepler spacecraft for k2 and the Kepler mission. I think was one of the most important missions
We as an agency have ever done
It's can truly say that it's redefined where we see ourselves in the universe
What is our place? Where do we come from? Where are we going?
it's it's it's telling us about ourselves, and I think that's really really wonderful and fantastic and and and
changes our paradigm
So the Kepler missions goal was to determine the fraction of habitable zone planets
That are earth sized in our galaxy
And I think the mission has really done this and it's told us that there are planets everywhere and that
Once again, we learned that we're not especially unique or special out there at least in terms of where we live so
Just a brief mention of how we find planets
What we do is. We look at stars planets pass across the face of a star
You're still going yes sure like this
This is even better planets pass across the face of a star and when they pass across
They block a little bit of the star's light and that dimming we detect we call it a transit
We named this transit after things that happen in our own solar system. This is our own solar system
This is the Sun and this is Venus passing in front of it
Fortunately, I got to see two transits of Venus if you didn't see one you're gonna
Hope that you live well eat well and live for another 100 or 200 years because then it occur very often
Certainly not again in my lifetime
But this is the transit Venus. You can see some really wonderful things like this
Do you see this jittering on the surface of the star of the Sun here? This isn't just the projector?
Putting noise in there. This is actually what's going on on the surface of our star. This is granulation
This is motion convective motion coming up one of the amazing things about our spacecraft
And and what it does and how sensitive is it is is that this?
granulation noise
And surface noise and convective features is actually what limits our ability to find planets
Across among many of our stars is it's the stars themselves are too noisy, and they they they limit our detecting ability
I think that's really wonderful
But you see see some nice things there about finding planets you see the limb of the stars
Darker than the center of the star. This is what we call limb darkening. We see this in our Kepler data
You even see a little bit of the atmosphere of Venus
and I think the next 20 or 30 years of our our agency's exoplanet hunting and search will be to try and
Model the atmospheres of other planets not just ones in our own solar system
So why is it so difficult?
Why didn't we find lots and lots of planets until we had a mission in space to detect them
Well, this is what a Jupiter would look like
transiting
The Sun you see it's pretty big, it's about
1/10 the radius of the star therefore blocks about about 1% of the area
It's fairly easy to detect we call it a 1% transit a 1% dip
We see these from the ground these were amongst the first planets trying to found now. Let's look what earth would look like
Do you see this tiny dot up here here? It is? That's what earth is look like
the amount of light blocked by earth is
About 100 parts per million now to put that another way just imagine
you know there's a million photons coming from this star just a hundred are blocked by this planet and
Yet, we can detect these things in fact. We can just take many of these things
But we needed to build a special instrument, and so I hashed up a little short movie here
Showing some of the heroes of this story, you know we scientist gets to talk a lot about the results
but it's the
engineers and their ingenuity that time and again has enabled us to both build a wonderful instrument and then
Keep the mission going and keep it operating
Throughout this talk. I think everything we've done is depended on the ingenuity and the resourcefulness
and and the the childlike excitement of brilliant engineers
So I wish me to go back to the start
And I'll just show you some of the components of the spacecraft. This is our mirror
It's a one point four meter mirror. It goes at the bottom of the spacecraft
This is our camera up there
So you'll see some images that look like this camera that they they have the same shape this is actually a movie
But they're moving very slowly
But that's the solar the solar panel and later on the solar panel is going to become very
Important for for what I'm going to tell you this is just the the thing arriving at the Kennedy Space Center
for for launch
whilst the end packets
And here they are just just putting everything together and again you see you see this this spacecraft you see the the solar panel here
Which which became very important so the spirit of the mission launched in?
2009 in March and since then has been been operating firstly as a Kepler mission, and now is the k2 mission
As aboard a Delta 2 for those of you interested
One important thing to know about the spacecraft and for the microlensing component. This is absolutely essential is that Kepler doesn't orbit the Earth?
Kepler orbits the Sun and trails the earth in and what we call an earth trailing orbit
actually as time goes on Kepler gets further and further away from Earth a
Communication bandwidth goes decreases as a function of time
and
Eventually it'll drift and drift and drift until it goes behind the Sun
This is the were the main Kepler mission which lasted until 2013
we looked at a single patch of sky the entire time a reach of the sky in the
constellations of Lyra and
and and
The Cygnus that's the constellation that was escaping me and and you see here
This is the picture of the camera that camera that I was showing you earlier on board. It's about a hundred megapixels or so
It has 84 C CDs
Arranged in this pattern and so when you see big images of ours the reason they look like they do is because that's what our
Camera looks like and the bottom left here is actually an image of some of our data
People don't often show real Kepler data. They show lots the results
They show lots of artistic images, but they don't often show the data
And there's a very good reason for that our data. Doesn't look like Hubble data Hubble data
Essentially you need to take it you put it up as an image, and it looks beautiful
And then people work to make it look even more beautiful
But but the beauty's intrinsic to the image the beauty isn't intrinsic to our images our images look like fuzzy blobs
They're they're they're somewhat large blobs. These are the stars and this is where the magic happens
but simply all we do is we take a
Essentially a photograph every 30 minutes continuously we did that for four years
Of the same different regions of these weather stars are these fuzzy blobs so you have a nice time series of
Images just like this one
But what can they tell us?
This is actually how we find planets and they don't there's so much information in this time series
I showed a little bit at the movie of what a transit would look like
but remember
Stars here are just this blogs with we see them actually that they're what we call point sources and that we don't resolve the stars
We can't tell the the brightness across the surface of a star just from the image
They're just a single point of light that then gets a dispersed of it
So you can't physically see a planet passing through the middle of this you just see the integrated light of the the point source
Decreasing and that's what you're seeing here
This is actually some some real data is actually some early data, but I think it it shows nicely of
What a planet looks like you see this this random scatter this this kind of small level scatter across the data
That's the noise from the surface of a star in addition to some of the noise from our instrument you see regular dips
On top of this noise or dips down the size of these dips
Tells us that there's a planet there
there's a planet crossing across the surface of a star and the depth of the dips tells us about the
ratio of the size of the star to the size of the planet
It's actually the ratio of the area it tells us how much what percentage of the area of the star we're blocking
So if we block
If we know how big the star is and we know what percentage of light the stars?
Is being blocked we know how big the planet is it's just simple as that?
The other thing we can tell is by how frequent the dips are
We can tell how fast the star the planet goes around the star is orbital period earth that would have one transit every
365 days
That's all it is
By knowing how fast of platon that goes around the star and knowing how big the star is we know how far the planet is
away from the star we can start to understand how much energy the planets receiving from its star and then
Imaginations go wild thinking about what kind of biology could be on the star
And there actually lots of experts who know we're not a lot more than we do and really
Telling this from from being what in my mind is amazing science fiction into science fact and wonderful in-depth real new
Understanding about where we where we come from
So this is what I was saying turning pixels into planets we start off with this fuzzy blob. This is one star here
We measure it continuously for several years, and we get up the thing in the center
This is showing that dip here. This is the transit
this transits
just less than
It's like one part in
Was it one part in 10 to the 4 or so or 10 to the 10 to the 4?
That shows us that was the first rocky planet we ever found this planet was
About 50% larger than the earth, it's a the first terrestrial planet. We knew of outside of our own system and
Then there's the artistic image in the bottom right because we like artistic images
So the this this
Really tells the story of what the Kepler mission
Did and why why I think when I when I use a lot of?
superlatives to describe
The impact of this mission, I don't think I'm overstating things
This is our understanding in 2009 of what the planets outside our own solar system did
so the first planet was found in 1995 that was 51 peg first planet outside our own solar system and
then since then they've been a
Though there was a number of discoveries most of them very large planets most of them things jupiter-sized
so this is a graph here the the y-axis the up the vertical axis shows the size of a planet and
The relative to earth where Earth at one Jupiter's at 11 Neptune's about four and the orbital period of the planet so it's planets year
You can see there's lots of giant planets there were some hot giant planets in pink
These are ones found by the transit method the method that we use with Kepler
And then there are a few smaller ones found but nothing nothing really that was was definitely earth
Looking looking like Earth there was really a dearth of planets around Neptune sized so
Before we launched Kepler. We didn't know if earths were rare or common
We didn't know if Neptune's were rare or common on most planets Jupiter sized
You know the most things we found was Jupiter sized, but that's because that's all we could find
And this is what happened over the next four years
BAM there's about 4600 planet candidates in here of which so far. We know
2,300 of those are real confirmed exoplanets
So this has gone from knowing of
tens of planets Jupiter size to knowing that there are thousands of planets out there and
Most of them interestingly aren't aren't like the earth era they're not like Neptune either
They're in this middle range between Earth and Neptune what we call super Earths
Super Earths are wonderful and fantastic because we don't have any of them in our own solar system
So we we really don't understand very much about them
You know if we find something
Sighs we can make a good guess that it's maybe like Venus or maybe like earth we find something Jupiter sighs well
Maybe it's like Jupiter. We find something super earth-sized. We really don't know
So it's an exciting time trying to learn what these are made of and and and why they stopped coming
But you can see there's no planets out here
so this is 2013 and
Since then when the mission stopped and since then we've been working extremely hard to develop our algorithms and software to improve our detection
methods and methodologies and
Signal to noise so we can find these we can dig in the noise and find these new the planets out here
Which is where we were really hoping to find find exoplanets because at least as far as we we can understand planets
Like like ours have liquid water, and they are the size of ours
So we're trying to find things in that regime that a temperate enough to have liquid water perhaps
and so this is the latest as of
the latest planet candidate come out in 2015
There are very little updates since then, but there'll be another update later this year
And you can see that finally we're starting to find small numbers of planets out at this earth, Earth region
That means we're sensitive to earth sized things and we're finding earth sized things orbital periods of one year
This is places like where we live
Perhaps and the next mission is going to try and understand them do they have atmospheres
What do they like to they have water? This is the future this is for the interns in the room?
This is this is the jet your generation is to
Help us learn and help us understand or even just to exist at the time when we're finding
atmospheres on other planets
Okay, so as I mentioned one of the before Kepler launched we knew of
Just Jupiter sized things so are they common the answer's no
Jupiter's are extremely rare if you look at what we find we find very few jupiter-sized planets
Other detection methods are finding the same thing Jupiter isn't a common thing in fact if we if you found another
Earth-sized planet in the habitable zone it probably doesn't have a Jupiter companion
The most common things we're finding a sort of Neptune super-earths and neptune-like
Things when you correct for our
detection sensitivity you find that probably the most common planets out there are things that are earth sized I
Just wanted to touch upon some of the individual discoveries a lot of them led by people who work within NASA Ames
along with some wonderful external scientists
Who've been involved with our team this includes things that are the first earth-sized planet?
The first capital 20 to be the first planet inside of its habitable zone
And then as we move along the first earth-sized planet inside. It's habitable zone
This is kepler 186f in the first so a super earth sized thing
Orbiting within the habitable zone none of these are quite earth-like yet, so these are this the most exciting
Planets we've discovered so far, but I think we're moving towards every step. We make things that remind us of Earth
And
If you think of we found these thousands of planets we must be looking at a lot of a lot of the sky
Actually, no. We look at at one tiny area
This is this region just shows you the tiny span where we're finding planets with Kepler in fact
It's even smaller than this because we can only find planets that cross in front of their star
But of course the vast majority of planets don't cross in front of their star. They're the ecliptic plane is an angle towards us
therefore we don't find them we only detect a few percent or less than a percent of of
Planets around their stars so while we found thousands of galaxies huge, and we detect very few so there really are truly planets everywhere
So cap was
Unfortunately the the Kepler mission came to an end after four years in 2013
In 2012 we had a good inkling that the that our time
operating the Kepler mission was was going to come to an end we lost a
Reaction wheel so on the spacecraft we launched we have four reaction wheels you can actually see them here these are wheels
These things are now
We're not actually pointing to the wheel those are wheels
these actually
this is how we point the spacecraft you have wheels you have them orthogonal to each other and you spin them and
By spinning in the right way
You can turn the spacecraft or you can hold it pointing steady the solar wind is constantly blowing towards us
And it's trying to return the spacecraft and so we need to counteract that by spinning wheels it's very simple. It's nicely
just just using angular momentum to keep us pointing unfortunately losing one is okay, because you still have three axes and
Dement three dimensions, and you still have three wheels losing two is not good and in 2013 we lost the second of these
so that
meant that we have two axes and three spatial dimensions and
And many people thought that that was that was the mission over, but here are some some nice headlines. I found
kepler planet hunting suffers major failure says NASA
That was it perhaps that was it perhaps that was the end of the mission
Rest in peace care for
NASA gives up hope of fixing it
One thing you should learn about engineers is I I think they they never give up even if they're told there they have to give
Up they're gonna keep keep digging away
And and I think talking to some of the engineers at Ball Aerospace?
And here at here at Ames
Who are involved in this the time when kepler broken things look pretty dire? I think they they had the most fun
They've ever had in their entire lives nasa nasa missions are fairly
Restricted you know you you don't want to go out straw outside the lines because your spacecraft's operating its operating well
And you don't want to break anything, and it's very easy to break things in space
But suddenly you had something that was broken, and you couldn't make it more broken
It didn't work, so you're allowed to do anything you win reason anything you like to try and get
Fixing all wacky ideas were entertained
About what we could do with a spacecraft?
And you've got to play doing all these things that at graduate school and undergraduate you got to you learnt about
Or as a writing
So this was the this is the next report that came out all is not lost
Suddenly someone had an idea of how how we can keep going and Hubble spacecraft down the hunt for a new mission
So this was great. What was this new mission this new mission was the k2 mission
Many people are saying why is it called k2?
Why is it not Kepler - well as a matter that was well as its named after the mountain?
k2 not not Kepler Wow Everest may be the highest mountain a
Higher proportion of people died climbing k2, so I thought this was a appropriate metaphor for our for our mission an extremely challenging
thing that
to
Do and to to to try and try and keep operating, so how does this new Kepler mission work so you have three axes I?
Brought a model I have a prop so you have three axes and
If you think you point it like this and your solar pressure goes like this you're gonna roll
Like this and tumble and you might be able to hold two dimensions
But you're still gonna start to roll and you're gonna start to tumble
So what we need what the engineers realize is we need to find a way to
balance the spacecraft to hold the spacecraft in fine pointing Wow
With the two reaction wheels and then balance it against the solar pressure
Then once you come up with that idea the answer is fairly simple
The solar pressure comes at you like this so you need to point like this at the Sun
You can hold the pitch in your steady you guys are the Sun in this image
Pitching your steady. That's this way and then all its uncontrolled is this roll vector
So if you point your solar panels the thing I told you would be important at the Sun so that they're finely balanced so the
spacecraft looks symmetrical and the normal to the Sun you minimize roll
And you can balance your spacecraft you can point precisely right over here, and you can operate your mission again
So this Ridge this is what we call the balance point
And this is this is just another image showing you
This way down the bore sight of the spacecraft
And you can see what we need to do is we need to find
Finer ways of the soul of son coming from here is just balanced and so we spent several months commissioning the spacecraft
Essentially learning what the spacecraft looked like in the normal to the Sun?
so our commissioning involves us pointing at the start pointing a field of the sky and seeing how much we
reroll, and then changing that angle of it and seeing how much we roll until we learn where the balance of the spacecraft was and
Amazingly, we could we were able to do this
We're able to learn the shape of the spacecraft in in the in space and point the spacecraft precisely
Using wheels and by balancing it now. It's not a fire finally precise
balance it's an unstable equilibrium
Eventually you're going to roll one way or the other
So the way we control for that is that if we point it. We start to roll if you roll too far
We fire a thruster which puts us back and the thrusters
Our thrusters are on here it puts us back to where we were and so you have this continual motion of pointing roll
Reset roll reset, and we do that about every 6 6 to 12 hours
So this is the nice headline, I thought this was well described exactly what we're doing there that that description kepler
kepler resurrects planet-hunting NASA resurrects counts on attending Kepler with broken parts with magical Sun
So I think that's I thought that was very nice
So yeah magical Sun
Because of what we're doing this actually limits us
But also create created our mission and created what we're doing our
Limitations though that we could only look for us at a part of the sky for about 80 days
the reason being if you think of the again, you're the Sun and you're going around the Sun like
Around the Sun like this looking backwards
you can look at somewhere over here and
You your limit is you can't go too far around?
Are you gonna start getting light down the barrel the spacecraft which is terrible? You don't want something like down there and then
That's around here. You don't and then the other side. You can't get too far around
This way as you over at the Sun because you don't want you want to get the solar panel
I keep having lights
So that limits us to observations of in one way about 30 degrees in there the way about 50 degrees so about 80 degrees
Because we our orbital period is roughly
360 degrees that's about one degree a day so it gives us an 80-day campaign
This is what this is showing this is us going around the Sun this way we pointed a field over here
We move around we keep pointing and then we point up to 190 degrees away
And this is an 80 days of motion we point backwards so we don't get bugs on the mirror when we move
It's actually so we don't get earth in the field of view if you point forwards you
You would get earth in the field of view very naturally if I would have to pass through the field of view Earth's
extremely bright and
When we were commissioning this we weren't sure
What would happen if something that bright fell onto our focal plane?
And so we decided well given the balance between putting forwards and backwards. It's fairly even less point backwards
We since learnt that it's actually fine. If gets into our field of view. It doesn't cause any long-term damage or anything
But that was just the way we built the mission
So what happens then is you get a lot of fields observed along this ecliptic plane the plane that our spacecraft
Our spacecraft
Looks out on the plane that the Earth and Sun are in and so this is that this is nice you all know the constellations
The ecliptic plane or probably most of you because there's a dial constellations
So the first two years of our mission was shown in in in
Brown, it's probably brown Brown here, and and the next two years are shown in green
So these next two years have just been funded so we know we're gonna go be at least a four-year mission
I'm going to talk a little bit
Soon about the the yellow arrow here. This is campaign 9. This is our microlensing campaign
We did a dedicated campaign to microlending and you're gonna hear some of that later
I
Might give you a talk of someone else will give you a talk in two years telling you about the the next arrow the supernova
Focus campaign a a single experiment dedicating to understanding supernovae and the the early rise are when a supernova happens
But that's that's going to happen sometime next year
K2 isn't just Kepler, but worse that's the important thing
It's a very different mission, and we knew we couldn't survive being Kepler, but worse Kepler Kepler changed everything
But Kepler took all this data, and we're using it to understand
Around us, but I think
Kepler's done. I mean we've got the data. We needed to learn a lot about our universe
We don't want to collect that data again and learn the same things we want to do something new
So k2 enables us to do that we can do things
We couldn't do with Kepler because of the way the spacecraft operates here are just some some examples
Of things that we didn't do with Kepler this is
M35 this is a cluster of stars
Clusters of stars are fantastic laboratories to study astrophysics all the stars formed at the same time or roughly the same time
Therefore they probably all have the same composition so you have stars the same composition same age
Why do they differ and their differences should tell you something about what them?
How old they are how massive they are how?
What their radius is what the evolution his eerie history is our binary is more common a binary is less common
What are planets like in clusters so so you can learn about how things form as as?
Universe goes on by looking at different clusters at different ages Kepler didn't look at many clusters
We can look at lots because we look along the ecliptic
Ecliptic is full of clusters. We look at Kepler looked at one field
We're gonna look at 18 fields so we get 18 amount of the x amount of area that Kepler saw
This this is star forming regions Kepler intentionally didn't look at star forming regions
Why is that because star forming regions are full of dust and dust absorbs optical light, and if you absorb optical light?
You don't see as many stars. You don't find as many planets and you can't find earth-like things
With caplet with k2, that's not a limitation anymore. We look at a single field for 80 days if it's got lots of dust
we'll just look at somewhere with less dust in three months and
Now we can start to study these youngest stars
We can study how stars form we can study how planets form we can study
When planets form do planets form right away at the same time the star they take a few million years after the star
Do they form close to the star do they form far out from the star these are questions k2 can answer that?
Kepler wasn't able to answer these a new new science. We're learning and something
I'll show you a little bit of a movie of this is a a comet here
The ecliptic plane as we learn very quickly when we started getting our commissioning data is full of
Moving objects because it looks at where our own solar system is our solar system forms in a disk and so kept k2 is looking
Into this disk and so we see thousands and thousands of asteroids and we see planets
But plants closer to home than what we're used to
There's a little bit about focus, but this is a cover image from our proposal we put in
But this is showing you all the constellations along our ecliptic and things that either we have observed or will observe in those
constellations, and you can see this huge variety from from
galaxies to planets to
To clusters to planetary nebulae all different science in all different fields
Were depending where you look you find different things you have different science
So I think I think
K2 is really far exceeded our expectations of the the breadth of science. It's doing it's it's it's really
changed from this somewhat narrow mission of Kepler into this extremely broad mission of a general astrophysics Observatory in
Addition to astrophysics we also do some planetary science work planetary sciences is looking at things in our own solar system
Here is
Just a quick movie of us an object from our own solar system. This is the planet Neptune and
You can see something going around Neptune. That's the moon, Triton
This is I think about 60 days of data?
And you can see this this planet moving you see a smear because the planet
bleed of the bright because the planets very bright we can see very nicely the moon the motion and the orbital dynamics
you know we a lot of us learned orbital dynamics in in an undergraduate in high school in PhD at different levels I
certainly had never seen orbital dynamics happen in real time or or in a movie like this as the moon goes around the
Planet here, you can see Kepler's laws in in acts in a single movie
And the reason the Neptune is moving so much isn't that net cheese moving fast. It's that the the para lactic angle of
Kepler-22 - to Neptune here is changing as
the spacecraft moves around the Sun the the
Position of Neptune compared to the background stars moves we call this a parallax, and that's what's going on here
This is just showing you some of the other solar system stuff
We're doing this is the the brightness change of some Astrid
transept tuning objects things in orbit in the same orbit as Pluto and you can see this little wiggle in brightness as
They rotate we can learn the shapes of
Bodies in the outer solar system we can learn how they rotate we can learn how bright they are
This can help us learn how the solar system formed
The reason I'm showing planetary science stuff is because I think nobody predicted that we would do a lot of planetary science work
But it's actually become a very important part of the mission as we learn about our own solar system and that informs us about
exoplanets and vice-versa I
Like this movie because it's the faintest thing we ever observed with k2. This is something for those who understand magnitudes 23rd magnitude is
Extremely faint you can see something going up and down. Do you see that?
That's a transit tuning object. I don't know if you can you can see that in the movie
You have to get your eye in there we go up and down the faintest thing. We've ever observed
Kepler observes from okay - we observe objects from the extremely bright to the extremely faint we have this huge dynamical range of brightness
Okay, so I mentioned clusters clusters is extremely important. This is an image of the Pleiades
I show Hubble images because Hubble's beautiful as I mentioned earlier. This is a Hubble image of the Pleiades
this is actually our image of the Pleiades the Seven Sisters as
Many of you'll know it
And the seven bright stars here, which are used really?
Heavily in astrophysics to try and understand how how stars operate?
Let's zoom in here, and this is showing you this - the shape of RC CDs
This is showing you where where are where we looked for a given campaign
And then we put masks around the and we put mass around them and we can observe these bright stars
In the in this field of view and you can see them actually because they're moving here
That's the movement of the spacecraft
I mentioned there's six hour roll so by looking at these we can look how their brightness changes over time we can look at seismology
Inside of these stars as they oscillators as gas moves up and down and can
Convex inside them and we can understand the internal structure of these stars that people have been observing for
millennia
Giving you insights on them
This is just a just show. I'll show you some of the
Full frame images as we call them. This is our full frame
You'll see that there are two to CCDs that are no longer operating, but the the rest of the the area
Really is vast and and can teach us a huge amount about that our galaxy
And this is so this is where the Pleiades is this is another cluster the Hyades that many of you heard of
Prosecco or M or the Beehive cluster falls into things
So so this is a hugely diverse field and hugely new things that we can we can look into
Of course k2 is still an exoplanet powerhouse
Exoplanets really is what the mission primarily seems to do while we're a general observatory people propose
To do science and exoplanets is obviously a very big part of this
There are 50 confirmed more than 50 confirmed planets from k2
I think there's about a thousand planet candidates as of yesterday
There was an eight announcement of about eight hundred new planet candidates so K twos
Pushing up there
Towards the Kepler numbers of things detected and crucially we're finding planets around the nearest stars and the nearest and brightest stars
Things that perhaps we can hope to characterize with missions like James Webb
So this is the as of a month ago the number of planets
We're finding you see this actually mirrors kept look quite nicely very few bigger things
many more of these smaller things
Peaking in the super earth size regime where we're most sensitive
So this is just showing you some of these as why we differ from Kappler
Those this is a popular hand out image that we we gave to many people as opposed to for Kepler
And then we made one for k2 and and with Kepler you thought how small the Sun is with k2 you think how big the?
Sun is that's because k2 lots looks with lots of nearby planet stars trying to find planets around the
Smallest stars these M. Dwarfs as we call them the reason being small stars are have a bigger transit depth
I said transits a function of the the area of the planet divided by the area of the star blocked or
The area of the star and therefore if you shrink the star you find big smaller planets easy it more easily
So that's what we're doing k2. We're finding these planets around the smallest stars
So
Kepler's told us a lot about the inner part of the solar system of the solar systems
It's taught us about the occurrence of things interior basically of Earth's orbit around other stars
But if you look at this graph this shows you how?
where the the inner system of
Our solar system and where Kepler's sensitive the blue region here is showing Kepler sensitivity as a function of of
Distance from from a star and it tails off as you get towards the Earth's orbit
And then if you shrink that region down and look at how big our solar system is
You realize that Kepler while teaching us so much about other planetary systems
It's just a tiny window into the into even our own solar system in fact
If you think of what Kepler could detect in our own solar system
Kepler might find one perhaps two planets in our own solar system of which our system has many
So we've just probed this tiny regime
Fortunately there's something called micro lensing that may may come out to inform us of other
Regions around other stars
Teach us things about Neptune Saturn Uranus and there a frequency that we simply don't know right now
and
K2 is going to be an important part of this
So what is gravitational microlensing very very simply gravitational microlensing uses the fact that gravity warps space-time
So if you have a lot of gravity and you have a background star the light from that bat
Or a background galaxy in a traditional micro lensing the the the light from that galaxy is going to be bent
That's gonna. Be focused and so you see
That light these background galaxies is brighter than they would actually be this is nutritional gravitational microlensing
It's been used for for a long time to weigh
Foreground galaxies you can understand the mass of things by how much they bend the light
Grab a micro lensing
guys that was gravitational lensing micro lensing
Uses this effect
But in on the much much smaller scale you
take a background star a star on our Galactic bulge say in the center of our galaxy and
Then you have that light coming towards you and then you have a foreground star perhaps even a star
That's too thin to see but the light of that background star is bent around the foreground star
So as that foreground star moves past because everything's moving moves past the background star
You see the background star get brighter because the light is focused towards us we call this a micro lens
And so that's what you're seeing here
Background star foreground star moving, and you see this shape of the brightening, but what if this foreground star had a planet?
You'd see two dips
You'd see first the main different micro lensing of the star a little dip caused by the lensing of the planet
The planets causing and this is a micro lensing event so this goes up, then you see the secondary dip that lasts
You know of order a few hours to a day and the main event might last a few weeks
We've detected a few planets like this
But very few and the Kepler mission is going to help us to take many more of these this is a
Brief movie, I'm gonna show showing you how this effect works not just for stars of planets
But also perhaps for free-floating planets the idea is that there's planets orbiting no star
wandering planets or rogue planets
I call the free-floating planets so in addition to finding planets around distant distant around their own star we can also find planets
That orbit with no star
So this is just the my cleansing effect
This is the lens here move across this is the the back
This is the foreground star that you can't see warping the lights
And then you see this ring as it is it focused the light towards you and then when you add up all that light you
See this this
bright brightening
So k2 is going to look towards the center of the galaxy where there are the most stars you have the most chance of something
passing in front of a a
Background star and it's going to try and find these events by looking looking a large patch of the sky towards there
We just look at what Kepler probe in its tiny region we can see
That in comparison is very small
Compared to the way the microlensing region is going to probe Micronesia region has a much more higher volume of space where it can find
Events towards the center of the galaxy looking for these these very faint
Stars that pass in front of these background things so but why k2?
Okay, these micronized events have been observed from the ground some wonderful ground-based observing projects to detect them
And they found planets or have found few low tens of planets
Kepler gives you something else Kepler
Isn't orbiting Earth it's far from the earth in fact as I mentioned. It's about
8/10 of the way to the Sun as is the distance that Kepler's away
So that means that Kepler and Earth look at a different angle towards these micro lensing events and these microlensing events are extremely
Precisely tuned and the shape of this brightening is very precise and very
Sensitive to the angle that you're looking at it
So if both of them look at a slightly different angle they see different things the events look slightly different
This is just a example of what something would look like here
You see the the my cleansing event from Earth and you see a slightly different time a center and a slightly different
magnification from what the the space crack the k2 mission would detect with a Kepler spacecraft
And you can use these differences in the shape to learn things about the unseen lens star
Primarily and the unseen lens planet. Hopefully primarily you learn about its mass. You know how massive these planets are
Without the extra line-of-sight. It's very hard to uniquely determine the mass
I'll skip that one
of course doing this requires a
Lot of ground-based observing the Earth's a challenging place to look at continuously
Kappa k2 can look at a place continuously fairly easily. We just point on the earth
There are two reasons one the Earth rotates, and you have daytime two you have whether you're clouds
So because we wanted to observe this region simultaneously from Earth and space for three months with no break
We put together a huge network of spare telescopes to observe
This is just some of the the telescopes that are observing these regions of sky
continuously both doing
observing of large regions and also follow-up
Events are found
These telescopes I think most of them are observing every single night for the campaign campaign 9. Which which ended a few days ago
It was and and most of these are manual so you needed people observing at the telescope's for 3 months
straight for all these telescopes
I like to think that we we actually observed the the micro lensing region for more than 24 hours a day because we had multiple
telescopes going simultaneously for three months
And so that meant that when there's weather and when there's daytime there wasn't a break
This is just the the the first image that we pulled down from the spacecraft. This is our full-frame image
This was made courtesy of Doug Caldwell who works within the project and I try to
Show you what this looks like it looks nothing like any of our previous full-frame images
And that's because it's just packed with stars the stars everywhere
and
You know this is like looking at the Milky Way in fact if any of you have been lucky enough to be in the southern
Hemisphere it's like looking in the Milky Way in the southern hemisphere, or you see more stars
and
So this is a region the dark regions where there's lots of dust and here you've seen huge numbers of stars
And this is where we we do some of our microlensing experiments
And as of today there are about 500 micro lensing events detected from the ground and from from from the spacecraft
Which we hope to find planets in still working progress that campaign stopped over the weekend
And we're gonna be working hard to find find more events as time goes on
I'm just going to stop here and saying that this isn't the end of the story my cleansing we understand as a
An agency to be an extremely valuable
way to
Determine what other planetary systems are like Kepler told us about the hot planets the planets that are hotter than Earth and equal to Earth
k2 and
W first in the future are telling us about the cold planets
Don't be first to launch in 2024 and we'll be detecting
thousands of jupiter-like planets and neptune-like planets, and maybe cold earth-like planets orbiting their best distant stars
and
Hopefully lots of free-floating planets
Orbiting no star road planets, so I know I say
it's just thanks for coming and stay tuned for our early estimates of
Micra lensing events when we find them they'll be coming out of the next 12 months. Thank you
So we have time for some questions if you have a question
Please raise your hand and wait for the microphone ask one question only. Thank you
Hi Richard art reader was sort of Colorado. Thanks for that great. Talk. I have a question regarding the
Regions of planets that are detected you had mentioned that there's an issue of sensitivity in terms of noise
Versus detection and it's in this sort of Earth analog or sorry earth earth
Weejun
I'm wondering if you are aware of the star shade project
And I'm wondering if you have any information regarding that how it's proceeding if it's proceeding yeah
so so yeah our
limited sensitivity of Earth's sides can because
When you build a spacecraft you tend not to?
Fund it to do things far and beyond your actual what you want to do
You know you what you want to come in as cheap as possible, but still do amazing science
So you make what you want to do, just possible and so
That's why we're not detecting many because it's extremely hard and our mission ended after after just four years
However, we are finding things, which is which is really fantastic
The starshade project is just mind-blowing
It really is you launch a spacecraft to look at a star you then launch this huge thing that can be you know
tens of meters across looks like a
petals of a flower to block light from the star and by blocking light from the star
You can start to see the planets around the star
reason if you look at a star in the sky
you can't see planets even if your eyes were incredibly sensitive because your Swap pumped by light from the
light from the star swamps any light coming from the planet
but if you use very
Clever optics sort of block out light from the star you can see that see the planets these star shades are gonna orbit
Millions of miles from the from the spacecraft is it's an incredible undertaking
But there are certainly there are plans that this star shades going to be launched
Perhaps in the 2020s there are certainly investigations going on right now perhaps even
As part of the w first experiment, it's it's it's a very much an exciting new area of research
But it's it's very challenging to do one of the reasons is you can look at once over here
And then you have to move your star shade
millions of miles in order to look at another star in another part of the sky
That and the optics which incredibly hard to create
But I think I think coronagraphs which are much smaller things to block the light and star shades which are much bigger things
But all but far for the spacecraft are going to be how we're gonna find
And understand life outside our own solar system because you can actually image the planets themselves you can see
Directly the light coming from these planets you can understand perhaps. What's in the atmospheres of these planets?
Hi, I'm Morgan from Florida Tech
And I was wondering what the most common solar system
Configuration is for exoplanets, and if we have enough data to speculate about
about that
Kepler
Really, you know it probes the inner solar systems
It doesn't probe the outer solar systems, but other things do I think the average solar system?
doesn't have
Many giant planets the average solar system probably has planets closer in than ours
We're probably a little unusual in that we don't have anything interior to mercury
That said the universe is so large that I think if you
And and the number of parameters so high that if you looked at any planetary system
You'd say this one's unique for reason eggs
But because there's so many parameters every every planetary system is unique and we can point to things in our solar system that are unusual
but
Unusual things happen all the time
I think one thing we have you know as we increase our knowledge as a species we learn how insignificant. We are
We're just learning that again planetary systems like ours are likely common
Maybe not maybe not the most common, but they're certainly not rare
Hi, I'm Karina, and thank you for your talk
You mentioned earlier that there's a focus on refining?
Algorithms to find planets that are the same size as Earth and I was wondering why the priority is on finding
Same size instead of like maybe the same energy or like why does size make a planet more inhabitable?
Why can't we inhabit bigger or smaller planets?
Yeah, so that the Kepler mission was focused on finding planets like ours so orbiting stars like ours
orbiting
Dis planets at distances like ours and sizes like ours the reason being is we have a sample of one
One planet with life, and we extrapolate from there
I think probably anybody if you explained that you've discovered one thing and you're going to extrapolate to the universe any
kind of statistical person will critique that method
Somewhat harshly, but that's all we have and that's what we do. We know life on our planet needs liquid water and
We we need
RoR solid surface we we don't have
Life that just at least not much life that floats around with no surface perhaps it exists
But it's probably hard to detect it wouldn't be complex life like we have
Probably so the reason being is because we know that we exist therefore we look for places that look like our own
It's probably not a very good strategy, but it's the least worst just right now
So please join me in thanking dr. Tom Barkley
You
-------------------------------------------
Resumption of South Korea-China public exchanges may signal improved bilateral relations - Duration: 1:53.
Our starting point this morning,... the warming relationship between South Korea and China.
It had looked as though there would be no turning back when Beijing began imposing highly
damaging economic retaliation measures over Seoul's missile defense upgrade decision.
But with the top nuclear envoys of the two sides set to hold talks in Beijing today,..
the door for more meetings and closer ties is now open.
Kim Hyo-sun reports.
South Korea's special representative for Korean Peninsula peace and security affairs, Lee
Do-hoon, will meet with his Chinese counterpart Kong Xuanyou in Beijing on Tuesday.
This will be their first face-to-face meeting since the two took office.
And early next month,... a delegation of six South Korean lawmakers led by Representative
Chung Dong-young of the liberal opposition People's Party,... will sit down with China's
former State Councilor Tang Jiaxuan to discuss measures to tackle North Korea's nuclear threats.
Moreover, former South Korean prime minister Lee Soo-sung and five sitting lawmakers are
scheduled to attend a seminar with Chinese diplomatic experts in Beijing on Friday.
The two neighbors also plan to resume police authorities exchanges, which have been halted
since July last year after Seoul's announcement of the deployment of the THAAD anti-missile
system.
Diplomatic sources in Beijing have interpreted the resumption of government-level exchanges
as a positive sign.
(CHINESE) "We hope South Korea-China relations return
to a peaceful and healthy trajectory as soon as possible."
With such a marked thawing of relations,... watchers note that such changes could be seen
as orders from the Chinese leadership.
Kim Hyo-sun, Arirang News.
-------------------------------------------
[Halloween Special] DANCING KPOP IN PUBLIC CHALLENGE #4 - Duration: 7:03.
For more infomation >> [Halloween Special] DANCING KPOP IN PUBLIC CHALLENGE #4 - Duration: 7:03. -------------------------------------------
First Lady Melania Trump wowed the public when she wearing a form fitting-little black dress - Duration: 2:22.
For more infomation >> First Lady Melania Trump wowed the public when she wearing a form fitting-little black dress - Duration: 2:22. -------------------------------------------
California Gas Tax Is Good For Public Transit, But Not For Drivers' Wallets - Duration: 2:53.
For more infomation >> California Gas Tax Is Good For Public Transit, But Not For Drivers' Wallets - Duration: 2:53. -------------------------------------------
Public speaking nightmares - blubbing - Duration: 1:15.
Its not a good look
when you stand up to give a speech
and you're over-emotional.
This isn't the Royal Shakespeare Company!
You might be giving your daughter away
You might be getting married
You might feel incredibly passionate about your subject at a conference
But you don't want to give-in to the emotions
and there's only one way to stop it happening on the night and that's ...
To rehearse properly!
Not mumbling the words to yourself when you're on the train
but to stand up and deliver the thing like you mean it.
get the tears out
get the emotion out when you're rehearsing it quietly and privately
and get to a stage where you know you're in control
then you get up and give your speech on the day
and the words will create great impact and emotion on everyone else
but you can stay calm, collected and in control
-------------------------------------------
New resources spur success at Samuel Terry Public School - Duration: 1:11.
At Samuel Terry Public School we have utilised our additional funding
which has achieved great success across the school.
We were given the target specifically for
our school to improve literacy and numeracy by 6% over three years,
so we've actually exceeded that goal in the first two years.
So we're really proud of that.
We employed an extra 11 SLSOs. (School Learning Support Officers).
Every one of those aides
has been trained in specific programs to assist with student learning in the classroom.
We bought 137 iPads for the school and
also 20 laptops and they are used throughout the school every single day.
We've started a program across the school where every child from
kindergarten through to Year 6 learns computer coding,
so they become controllers of technology
and not just passive users of technology.
We've also used that funding for again fun and engaging programs
such as our Creative Clubs afternoons
where teachers get to teach children something which is a passion of theirs.
Children being more engaged in class is what it's all about.
They want to come to school and
they're learning without even knowing it.
-------------------------------------------
The Secret Lives of Public Servants - Episode 1: The Radical Artist - Duration: 4:25.
The truth of the matter is,
(music)
My name is Marc Adornato. I moonlight as a contemporary social-political artist
in Ottawa. So basically I work for the public service.
Unfortunately I can't reveal a whole lot of information about what I do because
there's a conflict of interest policy that says that I can't really say who I
work for or where I work or what I really do at work.
(music)
Kind of came as a natural evolution to start making artwork about politics and
stuff that's happening in the world and then as the years I guess maybe because
I'm in Ottawa a lot of the jobs here are government-related or they're political-
related in some way, so it just kind of turned out to be that I got a job which
would then inform me about the politics, which is a kind of cool angle and then
I'd go home and make my artwork that's also politically-related
(music)
(saw cutting)
(electronic beeping)
So this piece is a piece I made out of junk called the electric communist detector
(electronic beeping, continued)
It essentially detects communists.
(electronic beeping, continued)
Basically the paintings I submitted to the RBC painting competition.
RBC's mascot, his name is Arby, actually, just found out that his job is being exported to India,
so he gives the finger to RBC
then proceeds to light up a Molotov cocktail and throw it at the bank which
he then burns down and you see here with the bank burning and then he is then
subsequently tasered by the RCMP to death.
I think it's important that even public service people public employees outside of work can can speak freely
about what they believe in and you know that kind of stuff
(music)
The reality is it's really tough to become financially independent off just
being an artist. So that's where, you know, the job that I have is paying the bills
and pays me to to be able to buy tools for my workshops and stuff like this.
"Gonna open the floor up for this piece with fifty dollars."
"Do we have fifty dollars?"
"We have fifty dollars, all the money going to the Ottawa Riverkeeper."
"We have fifty dollars right here? Do we have fifty-five?"
"Fifty-five, right there. Do we have sixty, sixty. We have sixty-five..."
I really actually enjoy enjoy both my job and I enjoy doing the art work. So I've really got kind of
lucky like that I can have fun doing both things.
Whoo!
(chuckles)
it's hard to figure out what people do sometimes, as public servants outside of work, because we do we live
very bizzare lives I think.
I mean everybody's I guess sometimes got a really strong passion that they're almost crazy about
and I would put myself in that category.
(music)
We go to work and we're like this family that all works together and we know our jobs and our titles and what we do there at work
and we kind of assume that that's it, that everyone goes home at the end of
the day and they're parents or guarding family members that are taken care of or
they're just chilling out, you know?
(music)
This should be like an interesting program. (chuckles)
-------------------------------------------
SCDOT holding a public information meeting on changes to Woodruff Road next week - Duration: 1:40.
For more infomation >> SCDOT holding a public information meeting on changes to Woodruff Road next week - Duration: 1:40. -------------------------------------------
The State of Public education - past and present - Duration: 8:57.
For more infomation >> The State of Public education - past and present - Duration: 8:57. -------------------------------------------
Why do so many people love having sex in public places? - Duration: 13:53.
Why do so many people love having sex in public places?
I checked out the footage online.
(it was a slow news day, okay?).
and I felt almost nostalgic.
"Young love," I thought wistfully,.
as I made pancakes for the kids.
"They must really be into each other.
It's been a long time since I've had.
sex on a train platform.
A very long time, since I've never.
actually had sex on a train platform.
Still, I vividly recall the thrill of risky sex,.
sneaking a shag in when there's a good chance of being caught.
Most of us will, if only from our younger days.
Who didn't smuggle their boyfriend into their room and.
have a quickie before their parents got home?.
It feels subversive and exciting,.
with a shivery sense of triumph when you succeed.
Or, er, so I hear.
Yep, this is certainly taboo.
Source:Twitter .
Having sex in public places is a little more.
kinky than sneaky bedroom sex,.
but it's on the same continuum.
And, as sexologist Nikki Goldstein explains to me,.
sex in public is a fairly standard fantasy.
It is illegal, and so it is taboo,.
and we are all turned on by the idea of a taboo.
Even sharing the stories is fun.
How many brilliant conversations have.
begun with the titillating words,.
"what is the weirdest place you've ever had sex?.
" (For the record, my second weirdest.
was in a stair well during a party.
And no, you don't need to know the first.
Yep, these two were not shy.
Source:Twitter .
So what kind of person actually goes through.
with the fantasy and has sex in public?.
Well, according to Nikki,.
some public sexers are attention seekers,.
and others are just trying to be kinky.
Some have agoraphilia,.
and become aroused from having sex in public.
Most enjoy the risk of being caught.
, rather than actually being sprung mid coitus.
And then there are those who actually enjoy.
being watched having sex,.
which is when kink veers into exhibitionism.
I've never been an exhibitionist.
(except when it comes to karaoke),.
but my desire for privacy has increased.
exponentially since having kids.
It's difficult to get any private time at all,.
let alone have sex uninterrupted in my own house.
The risk of being caught is a complete mood killer.
; instead of fantasising about public sex,.
I fantasise about locked hotel rooms and.
a reliable babysitter for the kids.
So is parenthood the end to public-sex fantasies?.
Well, not necessarily, says Nikki Goldstein.
, who explains that getting sprung by.
one's children is very different.
to getting sprung by another adult.
"Getting caught having sex by your kids.
is very awkward.
Getting caught by a stranger,.
on the other hand, isn't the end of the world.
If you take a mum and dad who are always.
worried about getting caught by their kids and.
put them in a park to have sex, they will still feel excited.
Probably, I think.
Just perhaps not a play park.
We are all utterly sick of them.
-------------------------------------------
Stock exchanges and going public (Marco Giorgino) - Duration: 8:52.
What is an Exchange?
An exchange is a marketplace in which securities, commodities, derivatives
and other financial instruments are traded.
The core function of an exchange is to ensure fair and orderly trading,
as well as efficient dissemination of price information for any securities trading on that exchange.
Exchanges give companies, governments and other groups a platform to sell securities
to the investing public.
In order to let an exchange functioning properly, it is necessary to have three things:
first of all rules, through which it's possible to regulate trading activities, to define who is authorized to trade,
to set what are the securities (stocks, bonds and derivatives) to buy and to sell.
Second: supervision authority, whose role is strictly necessary to define rules
and to supervise a proper functioning of the markets
Third: microstructure, as for example timetables, techniques through which it's possible to fix prices
or how to liquidate contracts.
What are the main actors involved?
Three main categories of operators are involved. First of all, issuers.
This means who issues securities that are traded.
The most important issuers are represented by governments, that issue government bonds,
and companies, that issue stocks and bonds.
Stock exchanges have a lot of companies who for many reasons -that you can discover later- decide to go public,
issuing equities and raising money.
The leading stock exchange in the world, in terms of capitalization,
is nowaday represented by the New York Stock Exchange
where something close to 3.000 companies are listed.
Second: securities are bought and sold by investors.
Two main categories of investors do exist: retail investors, as individuals
and institutional investors as banks, funds, insurance companies.
Normally a major part of the trading volumes is driven by institutional investors.
Investors are attracted by market where liquidity and information are better
and where cost of transactions are lower.
Mostly, investors buy and sell without a direct access to exchanges.
Third: they need intermediaries.
They need brokers and dealers that let them trading securities.
Brokers put who buys and who sells in contact, without any risk exposure.
Dealers take a position.
Do not forget that no trading activities for issuers, investors and intermediaries are possible
without the intervention of authorities
and a proper functioning of the exchanges need a major role of technology and of technology providers.
Now let's explore why do companies go public?
There are several reasons that can explain why a company can decide to go public.
Hereafter, we have the most relevant, also looking at the best practices.
A company can go public in order to provide itself capital for growth.
Through the issue of new securities that can be listed on the official exchanges,
the company collects capital to finance its business plan and its strategies.
A second motivation is represented by the need to provide a market for its shares.
In this way, the company can have its shares available on the exchange
giving the opportunity to its investors to buy and to sell those securities
with good effects on the level of their liquidity.
In addition, a listed company is more attractive for employees
and can increase the level of commitment of the people that join the organization
also designing remuneration systems that are based upon stock options.
A listed company has normally a higher profile, with more visibility and reliability.
This is performing both considering the relationships with supplier and customers
and referring to the relationships with debt and equity investors.
Being a listed company can increase opportunities deriving by acquisition strategies.
Raising money is often used for financing future acquisitions.
The listed company status quo can improve this capability.
Last but not least, a company can go public to raise money for redefine its financial structure.
It can increase equity in order to reduce debt.
But how do companies go public?
Going public is a very strategic decision, whose effects on the company are really very relevant.
To go public it is necessary companies run a long and well-structured process, whose steps are the followings:
1. Approval of the Board of Directors and appointment of the advisory team;
given the level of importance of this decision,
it's necessary that the board votes to do it and to propose the General Meeting of Shareholders
to approve the decision.
In the meantime, companies need to be supported by specialists
that can lead them and optimize the whole process;
2. General meeting of the shareholders and appointment of the sponsor and legal advisors;
going public can change the company and can affect significantly its value.
That's why, Shareholders must agree and must vote for it.
The occasion is good to appoint sponsors and legal advisors that can support the process;
3. Due diligence; in this phase a deep analysis is performed in order to extract all the information
that are needed for building the prospectus and to give investors a complete set of information,
and in particular the ones related to potential risks and returns.
The areas of analysis are many, as legal, fiscal, financial, business, organizational…;
4. Preparation of the listing prospectus and an application to authorities for approval;
at the end of the due diligence phase, an official file is prepared with all the information needed for the IPO.
It's sent to authorities of the Market where the company wants to go public for approval.
Just after this, it's possible to officially ask for listing;
5. Application for listing at the selected stock exchange;
after authorities approval, the company asks for listing on the selected stock exchange;
6. Roadshow and bookbuilding; when the company is noticed to be authorized,
it starts to present itself to potential investors, also in order to know what it's their feeling about the quotation
and at which price, if in case, they will be available to subscribe the equity;
7. Final pricing and start of trading; as a conclusion of the previous phase, a final price is fixed
and the company starts to be traded on the official regulated market.
In conclusion, managing an IPO is a very important process: we have to select its changes,
we have to understand what are the main actors to involve in the deal,
and then we have to run in the most effective and efficent way what is the whole process,
managing all the steps that are included in it.
-------------------------------------------
Brother Of Good Samaritan Murdered In Pembroke Park Asks For Public's Help Finding Killer - Duration: 2:06.
For more infomation >> Brother Of Good Samaritan Murdered In Pembroke Park Asks For Public's Help Finding Killer - Duration: 2:06. -------------------------------------------
Google v Apple: The tech war is ON after public SLAMS Google emoji but can YOU spot why? - Duration: 2:59.
Google v Apple: The tech war is ON after public SLAMS Google emoji but can YOU spot why?
has claimed it will 'drop everything' today to urgently address an issue that internet users have pointed out with the company's burger emoji. Internet users were incensed when they noticed a detail on the cheeseburger in the company's emoji.
The cheese in the Google version of the burger emoji is below the beef patty, whereas 's version features the cheese above the meat. The drama started when writer Thomas Baekdal tweeted: "I think we need to have a discussion about how Googles burger emoji is placing the cheese underneath the burger, while Apple puts it on top.".
The tweet now has 16,467 retweets and 34,674 likes. Other Twitter users piled in to discuss the issue.
One wrote: "Can some top chef give a definitive answer on how to rearrange the toppings, if limit ingredients to: bun, tomato, lettuce, cheese, burger?" Another added: "OMG. Microsoft got it right! But Samsung puts the cheese on top of lettuce???".
Thomas tweeted an image of the analytics for his tweet, showing that over four million people saw his burger emoji complaint. Now Google have sprung into action to claim they will immediately to redress the issue.
The CEO Sundar Pichai said: "Will drop everything else we are doing and address on Monday:) if folks can agree on the correct way to do this!" Where do you think is the correct place to put cheese in a burger?.
A if you are hoping to buy the new iPhone X. This groundbreaking new smartphone is the biggest update Apple has released in years and its sure to be a hugely popular device.
In fact, the iPhone X has already sold out online with fans now facing a 5-6 week wait to get their hands on one.
Apple has confirmed there will be a limited amount of stock available in stores on Friday morning with anyone wanting to be the first to own one advised to get in line early to avoid disappointment.
-------------------------------------------
Advancing Health Equity in Tribal Communities through Public Health Accreditation - Duration: 1:08:03.
Onyemaechi Nweke: Good afternoon, and welcome to the Equity in All Policies webinar series.
Today's webinar is sponsored by the Federal Interagency Health Equity Team, which is part
of the National Partnership for Action to End Health Disparities, and in acronym world
that is the NPA for short.
The NPA is a national platform for convening stakeholders who are committed to action to
address health inequities.
My name is Onyemaechi Nweke, and I will serve as your call moderator for today's event alongside
my esteemed colleague from the Office of Minority Health, Dr. Alexis Bakos.
These webinars offer a platform for practitioners at all levels to share current practices and
innovative strategies that they apply in their work for promoting equitable outcomes in health
and the social determinants of health.
Today's webinar is going to feature one of our partners, the National Indian Health Board,
and the webinar will actually touch on some of the exciting work that they have done to
support their partnership under the NPA.
Now, given that their work uses funding from the Office of Minority Health, I do want to
clarify that the views that they will share on this webinar do not represent the views
of the Office of Minority Health.
They are simply reporting based on their experience and the work that they do.
In particular, the work that you will hear about today features some preliminary environmental
scan that they have done in support of public health accreditation in Indian country.
Accreditation happens to be something that we've heard about with more of this happening
around the country, both at the state and local level, in recent times.
It is an important process for public health departments because it strives to advance
the quality and performance of public health departments, and it lends a strategic, comprehensive
and more accountable approach to managing wellbeing and health in our communities.
Our panelists today are definitely going to highlight the state of accreditation in Indian
country, and in the process of doing so, they will identify and talk about challenges and
opportunities.
Specifically you will hear about the findings from the environmental scan, which was focused
on the state of public health accreditation within tribal communities, and then they will
exemplify some of the work that is going on within tribal public health departments using
an approach that was done by one of their tribal public health departments.
Before we start, I do have a few short housekeeping announcements for you.
The main presentation will last about 40 minutes, maximum 45.
You have opportunities to ask questions of the presenters, but you will have to post
your questions in what we call the Question-and-Answer window or screen.
Any questions related to the webinar will be read out not during the webinar but after
the presentation—not during the presentation, excuse me, but after the presentation, and
that will be during the question-and-answer session.
The presenters will be able to respond at that time.
However, if you have some technical difficulties and you have questions about your technical
difficulties that you would like to share with the individuals who are managing this
call, please do post them in Question-and-Answer window.
Hopefully the difficulties do not extend to your ability to use the Question-and-Answer
window.
Those questions will be answered in real time.
Now, if you don't have the Q&A window open on your screen now, I recommend that you look
on the console at the bottom of your computer screen.
There is an icon labeled Q&A.
Click on it, and it should open up your screen.
You can minimize your screen so that you can see the actual presentation, but it's best
to leave it open.
Now, finally we are going to send you some questions at the end of the presentation but
before the Q&A questions.
They will be posted to you, so you'll see a popup on your screen during the Q&A session.
This is all about feedback regarding the presentation you have heard.
We definitely appreciate your feedback.
We want to hear back from you about the contents of the webinar as well as the presentation.
So, once you see that popup, we encourage you to begin to answer the questions as we
go through the questions and answers you have posted.
It should not take more than three or four minutes to complete this set of questions
that you will receive.
If you don't see the popup, if you don't see the window open up after the presenters are
done with their presentation, I encourage you to click on the icon which is labeled
Survey.
And it's on the console also at the bottom of your screen.
So again, the questions, responding to the questions should not take more than three
to four minutes, but the input we do receive from you is very valuable, and we use it to
continue to determine what kind of content to bring on this platform.
So without much ado, I will hand off to my colleague, Dr. Bakos, who will now introduce
the speakers.
Alexis Bakos: Hello there, and thank you very much, Onyemaechi.
First of all, my name is Dr. Alexis Bakos, and I'm a senior advisor to the Deputy Assistant
Secretary for Minority Health, and I'm also currently the acting director of the Division
of Policy and Data at the Office of Minority Health.
I'm very pleased to introduce our panel of esteemed speakers.
Our first speaker today is Ms. Karrie Joseph, who is the public health programs manager
with the National Indian Health Board, or NIHB, where she currently works with the Tribal
Accreditation Initiative and the Tribal Leaders Diabetes Committee project.
Ms. Joseph joined NIHB in March of 2015 and brings more than 13 years of experience in
public health.
She earned a BA in anthropology and an MPH in health promotion and education from the
University of South Carolina.
Prior to joining NIHB, she had the honor and privilege of working with native communities
in North Dakota at Fort Berthold and in Cherokee, North Carolina, with the Eastern band of Cherokee
Indians.
Our second speaker is Carrie Sampson, who is the assistant administrator at Yellowhawk
Tribal Health Center on the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation.
In this capacity, she oversees organizational strategic planning, continuously works towards
addressing the community's top health priorities through policy initiatives and program planning,
leads the organization's path to public health accreditation and is a constant voice for
tribal health programs and services to tribal leadership.
She also is actively involved on regional and national levels on issues affecting public
health in tribal communities.
Prior to working at Yellowhawk, Ms. Sampson spent several years as the sexual assault
prevention project manager at the Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board, coordinated
Treaty 7 First Nations health data for the Alberta First Nations Information Government
Center in Canada, and served as the youth Healing to Wellness program coordinator at
the Blackfeet nation in Browning, Montana.
Ms. Sampson began her career as a licensed practical nurse and later graduated with a
BS in community health education from Portland State University.
Currently she is working towards an MS in health care management for Oregon Health and
Science University.
I'd like to start the presentation and turn the session over to Ms. Joseph.
Thank you very much.
Karrie Joseph: Thank you so much.
Good afternoon or morning, depending on where you are in the country.
I'd like to first thank the host, the Federal Interagency Health Equity Team, for inviting
us to present in this webinar series, and also thank my co-presenter, Carrie Sampson,
who will be sharing her knowledge from the forefront of health equity work in tribal
communities.
I'd also like to thank the OMH, National Partnership for Action to End Health Disparities, for
their support and partnership with the National Indian Health Board.
A bit about the National Indian Health Board.
We're a 501(c)(3) charitable organization created by the tribes over 40 years ago to
advocate for improved health for American Indian and Alaskan natives.
NIHB is the only national organization of its kind.
We serve all 567 federally recognized tribes and advocate on all issues related to health
and public health in Indian country.
We're going to do a quick poll just to see who's on the line.
It should have just popped up, and you can scroll through and just choose which best
describes your organization.
As you click on that, it will go to wherever it goes in outer space, and we'll check the
results in a second.
You have to scroll down and hit the Submit.
All right.
Hopefully everyone's had a chance to choose one of those.
Just looking at who's on the call, we have some tribal health departments, some state
health departments, some national non-profits, federal agencies and private organizations.
Looks like we have a pretty equal span over here.
And some academia.
So, welcome.
We have another question.
Has your organization begun discussions around public health accreditation?
Yes, no, and "n/a" would refer to if maybe your organization's not eligible to apply
for public health accreditation.
All right.
Okay, 37% yes, 3% no and 67% where there's not eligibility.
Thank you for participating in the polls.
Just to go over the objectives of this webinar, one is to provide a background on the landscape
of public health in Indian country; two is to discuss the findings of an environmental
scan on the state of public health accreditation and health equity within tribal communities,
and three, share one tribe's approach to using public health accreditation activities to
achieve health equity within its community.
To start out, I want to start with some slides and background to orient you to tribal public
health.
We really can't talk about health equity today without having some understanding about the
history of health care and public health for Native Americans.
There are four points I'd like to emphasize, and I'm going to go into these a little deeper,
but number one is that health services are not free to American Indian/Alaskan Natives;
two, tribal nations are sovereign; three, tribes experience inequities in participation
and representation in public health systems infrastructure; four, the contributions to
the nation's health made by the Indian health service and tribal health departments is significant.
So let's start with number one, health services are not free to American Indian/Alaskan Natives.
They've essentially been prepaid.
As with most if not all indigenous people prior to European contact, Native Americans
had complex traditions, cultural practices, social organizations, forms of government,
education, spirituality that all inter-relatedly worked together to ensure the health and survival
of the people.
This health and balance was intrinsically tied to the land that Native Americans lived
on, hunted, fished, gathered and, for some tribes, farmed.
European contact in North America brought devastation to the indigenous tribes by way
of sickness, disease and warfare that decimated the population and drove Indians from their
land.
This was followed by US expansion westward, and federal policies that forced relocation,
forced people onto reservations, forced assimilation, broke treaties, sold Indian land.
It's a wonder that tribal nations were able to survive at all.
However, they have survived and they're over two million strong.
The US government has what is called a federal trust responsibility to provide health services
to American Indian/Alaskan Natives.
The federal trust responsibility came about through numerous treaties, Supreme Court cases,
legislative acts and executive orders.
Through the trust responsibility, the federal government took on a duty to provide health
care and other benefits to the tribes across Indian country.
While there are agencies that have been set up to fulfill this duty, like the Indian Health
Service, today this duty has not been fulfilled
IHS was established in 1955, and the responsibility of Indian health was transferred to this agency.
IHS is funded at approximately 56% of its need with the vast majority of that funding
going to health care for individuals rather than to population health, which as we know
is the focus of public health.
Two, tribal nations are sovereign.
What does that mean?
That basically means self-rule.
Sovereignty refers to the inherent right of tribal nations to govern themselves.
Tribal sovereignty is recognized and protected by the US Constitution, legal precedent and
treaties.
In the context of public health, tribes have inherent authority as sovereign nations to
protect and promote the health and welfare of their citizens, using methods most relevant
for their communities.
Let me note that tribal citizens are also citizens of the United States as well as the
individual states in which they live and are entitled to all the same rights.
Tribes have a government-to-government relationship with the United States.
There's a myth that Indian nations were conquered, so therefore, they should assume the role
of a conquered nation and succumb to the conqueror's government.
I'd like to read a quote from a paper called "Myths and Realities of Tribal Sovereignty:
The Law and Economics of Indian Self-Rule" by Joseph Kalt and Joseph Singer.
The reality is that few tribes in the U.S. were conquered in military campaigns.
Most, but not all, tribes entered treaties with the United States.
This was particularly true of those that engaged in military combat with the U.S.
The very act of treating is a nation-to-nation form of intergovernmental interaction.
. . . This is the current policy of the United States, and has been so for forty years—to
recognize tribes' sovereignty and to ensure its continued existence.
This policy is based on promises made by the United States in its 250 treaties with Indian
nations and is based on recognition of tribes' sovereignty embedded in the U.S. Constitution.
An important piece of more recent legislation is the Indian Self-Determination and Education
Assistance Act of 1975, or Public Law 93-638, which allows tribes rather than the federal
government to deliver IHS-funded services to their own communities.
This allows tribal control over what services and how services are delivered and how that
will best meet the needs of their people.
So what does that look like for a tribal public health system?
Some but not all tribes may have contracted some services or contracted all services from
the Indian Health Service, and those services are determined by individual tribes so health
and public health can be organized and governed quite differently from tribe to tribe.
This graphic here, this big web, it's a little misleading as the functions of public health
and tribal communities may not be so explicit as to have a, quote-unquote, tribal public
health agency named as such.
In fact, this is probably rare.
As public health and health care are fairly integrated in tribal health systems, the functions
of public health may be disbursed among several organizations or programs such as community
health, environmental health programs, tribal epidemiology centers, urban Indian health
centers and such.
Local and state public health agencies often have a role in a tribal public health system.
Again, it varies from tribe to tribe and place to place.
Number three, tribes experience inequities in participation and representation in US
public health system infrastructure.
This is by lack of comparable funding opportunities or by mere omission.
Funding that supports infrastructure is often not available or acceptable to tribes.
One example is the CDC block grant funding which is received by all 50 states and eight
US territories but only two tribes, and that's out of 567.
CDC does offer tribal-specific funding in terms of grants, such as the Good Health and
Wellness in Indian Country grant, and also supports our NIHB tribal accreditation support
initiative, which has been a really successful program.
We hope it will continue.
But what we hear from tribes what is needed is equal, consistent, sustained infrastructure
funding.
Sometimes funding is funneled to select states and locals first who already exhibit some
level of success, with the intention of creating models for others to follow.
This is typical in funding, and funding can be tricky.
Of course, you want your grantees to be successful, but this practice can perpetuate the structure
that those who already have a higher capacity will have more opportunities to advance, leaving
those with less capacity further behind.
Tribes have been providing many essential public health services to tribal communities
but are largely not recognized.
One example of this is the 2016 document released by the Office of the Assistant Secretary of
Health from Health and Human Services called "Public Health 3.0: A Blueprint for the Future
of Public Health."
Touted as a new model and a new area of broadened public health practice, it focuses on infrastructure
and the social determinants of health and repeatedly calls upon local and state health
departments to lead this new era.
But the recognition of the mere existence of tribal public health is absent from this
document.
Where is the term "tribal health public agency"?
It's only mentioned once in the entire document, and that's in the description of Public Health
1.0, the time period from the 19th century through much of the 20th century.
So somewhere between Public Health 1.0 and 3.0, tribal public health apparently fell
off the radar of HHS.
The term "tribal entities" is used once, and that is last in a long list of "other sectors
that have not traditionally worked in public health."
So my question is, How can we as a nation have complete infrastructure when vital components
are left out of the plan?
We need to also talk about limited data, the red box on the screen.
This is a very big issue for tribes.
Without day, tribes are unable to demonstrate the need not only for more tribal public health
resources but just being counted.
Some of the data challenges faced by Native Americans is that there's a lack of tribal-specific
data.
We have great data sets for counties and states, but tribes are not counted in the same way,
and having comparable data is often non-existent.
In addition, data classifications such as American Indian and Alaskan Native may be
inaccurate, depending how and who reports it.
There's also low numbers for American Indian/Alaskan Natives is a challenge and often results in
American Indians and Alaskan Natives being left out of statistics.
In our data-dependent world, if you don't show up in the data, you don't exist.
Just today I was reading an article about health equity and chronic disease, and the
statistics reference the risk of being diagnosed with diabetes and reference African Americans,
high rates for Hispanics, high rates for Pacific Islanders and Native Hawaiians.
There was no mention at all of the risk for American Indian/Alaskan Natives.
We know that American Indian/Alaskan Natives have the highest risk of being diagnosed with
diabetes, as you can see from the CDC National Diabetes statistics report, but you wouldn't
know that from that article.
So just want to thank you to CDC for looking to other data sets and bringing those together
to present a complete picture of this devastating disease.
You often have to look at more than one source.
My fourth point, the contributions to the nation's health made by IHS and tribal health
departments is significant.
Considering American Indian/Alaskan Native populations suffer from some of the worst
health experience in the nation, including lower life expectancy, the highest death rates
from diabetes, suicides, several types of cancer, cirrhosis of the liver, motor vehicle
accidents, to name a few, and in terms of the social determinants itself, they're less
likely to graduate high school.
They have lower socioeconomic status and are more likely to live in poverty.
Considering these factors along with the infrastructure challenges described earlier, the work of
health care and public health for this population is an enormous challenge.
But the contributions are significant.
As reported by the Indian Health Service, 15 out of 24 of the government performance
results at targets were met in 2016.
That includes cardiovascular disease screening, dental sealants, tobacco cessation, depression
screening, domestic violence screening and childhood weight control.
Another example is the special diabetes program for Indians, a treatment and prevention program,
has been in existence for 20 years.
During this time, kidney failure from diabetes has decreased 54 percent, more than any other
race or ethnicity.
This means less people are needing dialysis, which is a huge health and cost savings to
the country.
One of the signature characteristics of this program is that it's community directed.
As one tribal leader commented, "SDPI honors the treaty."
He stated that "when American Indians and Alaskan Natives are the priority, things get
better."
Let me add that the SDPI program is not part of the IHS budget.
It is a separate funding authorized by Congress, and it expires on September 30 of this year,
in about one month.
Congress needs to act soon to keep this life-saving program alive and in the country.
Okay, let's shift a little bit and talk about public health accreditation.
Public health accreditation is defined as the measurement of a health department's public
health performance in systems against a set of national standards based on the 10 essential
services of public health.
It's voluntary, and it is administered and managed by the Public Health Accreditation
Board.
The public health accreditation in Indian country, what does that look like?
So far to date, one tribe has received accreditation, as compared to 26 states and 152 local health
departments.
Four tribes are currently in line in the system for accreditation and review.
We do know that in many ways, tribes are engaging in public health accreditation activities
such as conducting community health assessments, strategic planning, workforce development
and quality improvement, but the goal of these activities may or may not be accreditation.
NIHB and tribes have been involved in public health accreditation since the inception.
There are tribal-specific measures that were originally vetted by tribes, and that's in
the standards and measures.
And through the work of the Tribal Public Health Accreditation Advisory Board, which
has been in existence since 2008, just currently has gone through the standards and measures
and made recommendations to PHAB on how those could be more relevant to tribal communities.
A supplement is being drafted and piloted to further assist tribes in using the standards
and measures.
NIHB through the support of the CDC offers small awards to tribes through the Tribal
Accreditation Support initiative.
We have funded 15 tribes to date, and our assessment shows that there's an increase
in readiness for our grantees to apply for public health accreditation, so helping tribes
move along to get closer to achieving accreditation.
We currently have a request for applications open right now.
The deadline's September 1, and the link is www.nihb.org/tribalasi/.
So what does accreditation mean to tribal public health?
A lot of the similar benefits to other health departments.
Responsibility, credibility and visibility.
It means performance feedback and quality improvement.
It means valuable partnerships are made and sustained.
It means health disparities are reduced as folks are getting the same high quality level
services as other health departments.
And then for tribes, there's an element of sovereignty for tribes, as well as what we
hear from the health departments we work with: staff pride.
I want to start pulling this together a little bit and move on to our NIHB environmental
scans.
This was made possible through CDC and Office of Minority Health Funding to develop a training
curriculum on strategic planning for health equity.
The purpose is to provide insight on how tribes are using the prerequisites of public health
accreditation as a vehicle to advance health equity within their own communities, and one
of the goals is a white paper that's going to provide guidance and recommendations to
funders on how they can more effectively structure funding requirements to support opportunities
that will enable tribes to advance health equity through public health accreditation.
The prerequisites we're talking about are three documents that need to be in place prior
to applying for public health accreditation, and that is the community health assessment,
the community health improvement plan and a health department strategic plan.
We focused our scan on these documents, as many tribes have engaged in these processes
whether in the context of public health accreditation or not.
The reach of our environmental scan, we had input from Indian country.
That was gleaned from several sources, from key informant interviews and focus groups
and surveys, input from individual tribes, area Indian health boards, tribal epidemiology
centers.
We had a pretty broad reach across the nation.
Although the context for the scan was public health accreditation, the input received was
much broader, and I will be presenting the findings in that broader context.
My next few slides are really the results and the recommendations to funders and to
others.
Basically, funders need to, one, better understand tribes, tribal structures, historical trauma,
health conditions and factors that impact the social determinants of health.
Funders need to use language that is familiar to tribes.
What we heard is that the jargon of health equity and the social determinants of health
may not be the jargon espoused by tribal communities.
When asking about health equity work in tribal communities, I've often gotten maybe a blank
look or responses like, "I feel like everything I do all day every day is health equity work.
Why are you even asking me this?"
The concept of health equity is not a new concept for tribes.
Health equity can be described as a traditional value of many Native American groups.
Similarly with the social determinants of health, that may not be the jargon but linking
health to social and environmental conditions is well understood.
You may hear people talk about clean water, sanitation, pest control, good education,
safe roads, economic growth.
Funders should also fund capacity building such as grant writing, data collection, training
to build local expertise and collaborations.
Note that the items that are asterisked in red indicate recommendations from the scan
that also align with the PHAB standards and measures.
For example, data collection is a large part of several domains in the PHAB standards,
meaning the health department is expected to collect primary and secondary data both
quantitative and qualitative, interpret data as well as use data for planning.
So when funders include these aspects in their funding opportunities, there's an add-in opportunity
to support accreditation activities.
It's also recommended that funders rethink their proposal goals and objectives.
Are these tribally driven?
Did the tribes set the goals and objectives, or can the tribes set the goals and objectives?
Reviewing proposal review practices.
Okay, that sounds a little strange, but basically for funders when you're reviewing proposals,
is everyone looked at the same?
Is it fair that entities with perhaps a low capacity for grant writing compete against
universities, professional grant writers, organizations that have a higher capacity?
Is there a possibility to have a separate stream of funding for tribes to alleviate
these inequities in these resources such as lack of data, grant-writing resources, small
versus large tribes?
More recommendations to funders.
They should fund components of the accident process that result in outcomes that are important
to tribes.
Also should fund programs that support an integrated approach.
For example, multiple tribal departments such as education, transportation and environment.
Fund programs that change poverty in tribal communities.
Fund health equity models that shift the focus from individuals first, then to the community,
to the community first and then individuals.
And then also fund programs that are culturally aligned with the needs of the respective tribal
communities.
Just a couple recommendations to government agencies.
I think we've all said this/ heard this.
Pool funding across agencies to address common interests, so working on that whole silo bit.
Improve partnerships and collaborations at all levels of government.
Recommendations to the Indian Health Service in particular has mainly to do with data,
so working with tribes to provide timely tribal-specific health data back to them.
Link the Indian Health Service data with other federal data sets to improve knowledge of
health conditions.
Create more data parity between tribes and IHS.
We have a few recommendations to tribes as well.
Incorporate a health-in-all-policies approach when you're making policy.
Allocate resources for infrastructure to support accreditation.
Ensure leadership is invested, present and engaged in health and advisory boards active
in addressing social determinants of health.
Leadership has been identified as key, especially when it comes to accreditation.
Create tribal codes to address public health needs specific to the community.
Become educated on the roles and responsibilities of public health and its place in the tribal
health care system.
Educate tribal members on wellness and equity.
And then support state and federal legislation that impacts conditions affecting health equity
in tribal communities.
So, that concludes the information we gathered through the environmental scan, and I know
I went through that very quickly.
Another aspect of this project was developing a curriculum for health departments to engage
in strategic planning specifically with a health equity lens.
We presented aspects of this curriculum in webinars, at conferences, created a template
that's currently on the NIHB website in the Tool section on the tribal ASI page.
One of our tribal partners, Yellowhawk Tribal Health Center in Mission, Oregon, was the
recipient of one of the NIHB in-person trainings.
So with that, I'm going to turn the presentation over to Carrie Sampson.
Carrie Sampson: Good afternoon.
Hello, everyone.
As mentioned, my name is Carrie Sampson, and I'm an enrolled member of the Confederated
Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation.
I actually have a new role here.
I'm the quality director at Yellowhawk Tribal Health Center.
Over the last year, we have been working closely with the National Indian Health Board on the
accreditation support initiative and, as Karrie mentioned, the health equity concept, specifically
to our strategic planning.
Our vision and mission at Yellowhawk Tribal Health Center, our vision is our tribal community
will achieve optimal health through a culture of wellness.
Our mission is to empower our tribal community with opportunities to learn and experience
healthy lifestyles.
Just a snapshot of our community and our organization.
Since 1996, we compacted from the Indian Health Service and became 100% owned and governed
by our tribe, the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation.
Since this graphic has been developed, there are actually a few updates to these numbers.
Our employee base has grown to over 150 employees.
The additional numbers here are just to provide you with a snapshot of our organization from
population served, patient volume and active funding.
Yellowhawk Tribal Health Center is actually located 10 miles from a town called Pendleton,
Oregon.
We are in rural northeastern Oregon and located at the base of the Blue Mountains.
The red indicates our reservation boundaries.
We are located in only one county, Umatilla County, indicated in yellow; however, our
service population area consists of two counties, Umatilla and Union County.
Our funding from IHS is actually based on the number of American Indians and Alaskan
Natives residing in those two counties, also known as our CHSDA or our Contract Health
Service Delivery Area.
The Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation is actually a union of three tribes:
the Cayuse, Umatilla, and Walla Walla.
We have nearly 2,965 tribal members.
That number adjusts very frequently, so it could be a little higher, it could be a little
lower from the time I repeat this number.
And our reservation is located on 172,000 acres, about 273 square miles.
I would say roughly half of our tribal members actually live on the reservation or in the
close surrounding area.
Before European contact, the members of the Cayuse, Umatilla and Walla Walla were actually
8,000 members strong.
Until the early 1900s, our ancestors moved in a yearly cycle from hunting camps to fishing
spots along the Columbia River to celebration and trading camps.
However, in 1855, the Cayuse, Umatilla and Walla Walla tribes and the US government negotiated
a treaty in which 6.4 million acres were ceded in exchange for a reservation homeland of
250,000 acres.
As a result of federal legislation in the late 1800s, that size was reduced even further
to 172,000 acres.
I just wanted to also give you some specific language that was actually in our treaty that
addresses why we actually receive IHS and government funds to initiate health care on
our reservation.
I'm just going to read a couple of quotes from our treaty.
In addition to the articles advanced the Indians at the time of signing this treaty, the United
States agree to expend the sum of fifty thousand dollars during the first and second years
after its ratification, for the erection of buildings on the reservation, fencing and
opening farms, for the purchase of teams, farming implements, clothing, and provisions,
for medicines and tools, for the payment of employees, and for subsisting the Indians
the first year after their removal.
Another quote directly from our treaty of 1855,
In addition to the consideration above specified, the United States agree to erect, at suitable
points on the reservation, one saw-mill, and one flouring-mill, a building suitable for
a hospital, two school-houses, one blacksmith shop, one building for wagon and plough maker
and one carpenter and joiner shop, one dwelling for each, two millers, one farmer, one superintendent
of farming operations, two school-teachers, one blacksmith.
So really, from our treaty, you can hear just a couple words here that specify a hospital,
medicine and one doctor.
I just wanted to provide a little bit of background as to what was stated in our treaty and how
that concept is being initiated today through the funding of IHS.
Moving along, I want to talk a little bit about why Yellowhawk decided to begin inching
our way towards public health accreditation.
I would say that it was an early decision from our leadership to make this a priority.
They saw immediate benefits in our tribe becoming accredited.
Local health departments were becoming accredited.
And really, I would say we're competitive.
We want to be able to say that we are reaching the highest standards possible and we can
compare to the state health departments, county health departments.
Just because of our limited resources, that shouldn't—we're going to push forward and
persevere and try to meet all the same standards and measures as all of those health departments
are.
We kind of did a trial run back in 2011 with a community health assessment, which is a
prerequisite of public health accreditation before you can even apply.
The results of that 2011 community health assessment, we only received 139 community
health assessment responses, so not necessarily enough to really consider our population as
a whole.
But in 2015, we did the process again, and we received over 427 responses, and those,
again, are specific to American Indian/Alaskan Native responses.
The questionnaire itself was 115 health-related questions, and they were administered to our
American Indians and Alaskan Natives that were 18 and older residing within Umatilla
County.
In addition to that, we really tried to find a way to engage our community and provide
a snapshot of our trend.
Really this data was telling a story about our community specifically.
So we created this easy-to-read tool to, again, help our community understand what our snapshot
was and really how we compare to the county, state and national numbers.
After we received the data, we organized up to 25 different community health assessment
forums and focus groups to make sure that every single community member had the opportunity
to receive the feedback and the data from our community health assessment.
We organized two large community gatherings, a community health gathering, and then CTUIR,
which is the acronym for our tribe, community health improvement sessions.
Really what we were trying to do by disseminating that data and getting it out to our community
was to get the feedback and begin prioritizing our top health needs.
Through that process, we did prioritize really our top health concerns for our community
that we want to address in our community health improvement plan.
Number one was obesity.
Based on our community health assessment results, over 80% of our population was either overweight
or obese.
Our second priority was diabetes.
Again, closely related to our obesity category.
Number three, drug use.
Number four, alcohol use.
And number five was mental health.
Once we prioritized our health priorities, we decided that we really needed to break
it down, and so we held several focus groups, one on obesity, one on diabetes, one on drug
and alcohol use and one on mental health, and really tried to engage the community to
really participate in one of those focus groups and help us identify ways that we could address
these issues and what the root causes of these issues were and brainstorming solutions.
Over 50 of our community members participated in those health discussion sessions, and really
this framework helped guide the process of our community health improvement plan.
This next slide here really identifies the step-by-step process that we've gone through
to get to our community health improvement plan, which I would like to note, we're still
not completed with it but we've been really working diligently at ensuring we're getting
the feedback we need to make this community health improvement plan not necessarily Yellowhawk's
health improvement plan but that all entities of the tribe and all tribal members are involved
in this process.
We did initiate another survey.
After having all of our focus groups analyzed, we decided to do another survey to have our
community again help us identify ways to address the goals and objectives of our community
health improvement plan.
Through that survey process, we received actually over 240 responses from our community members,
which in the big picture for other communities, that may not sound like a lot, but for a smaller
tribal community, we were really proud of that number.
We used a Survey Monkey tool, but we also set up in different areas around the community
to get this feedback.
We have actually gotten to the point of putting the feedback into tables, and so as you can
see here, this is—I'm sorry, it's a little blurry, now that I see it on my screen.
Our first priority was obesity, and so through the survey process, our community members
helped us prioritize our number one, two and three goals to address obesity.
And then on the right column, the second column, you'll see that they also helped us prioritize
our objectives that we are going to fulfill to hopefully reach that goal.
This community health improvement plan is really a tool for us to use over the next
three to five years to, again, address our top health priorities really the best way
we can.
And it's not just Yellowhawk Tribal Health Center addressing our health priorities.
We're getting to the point where we're pulling in different entities of the tribe to help
us address our health priorities to, again, meet the needs of our communities.
This is the second half of the table that addresses number three, drug and alcohol use
priority, and number four, our mental health priority.
As I go through these, I just want to, again, elaborate.
I don't know how much background everyone on this call has on public health accreditation,
but through this process, these are prerequisites that we and all the health departments have
to complete before we're even able to apply for public health accreditation.
Through this process, we really learned what valuable information we learned by going through
these prerequisites and really understand PHAB makes that a requirement.
We've been learning so much about our community through this process.
As Karrie mentioned, they came here to Yellowhawk and facilitated a strategic planning session
for us as we were inching into our next strategic plan, our 2017-2018 strategic plan.
This session was called Integration of Social Determinants of Health Framework and Equity
Lens.
Using a SWOT exercise and ensuring that we were equitable in the objectives that we included
in our strategic plan, they brought this framework called SMART-E. Not only do we want to make
them Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic and Timely, but the SMART-E piece was the
important part, which was Equitable.
Again, using different exercises we identified our organization's top priorities: integration,
workforce development, community engagement, quality, transition, health community and
sustainability.
I'm sorry if I'm going pretty fast.
We're at nine minutes I think, getting close to the end of the webinar, so I'm just going
to try to go through this fairly quickly.
We really tried to, again, tie our strategic plan to the information that was coming out
of our community health assessment and ensure that not only through our community health
improvement plan are we addressing our top health priorities but us as a tribal health
organization are addressing our top health priorities through our strategic planning
process.
This is just a snapshot that we shared with the community of Yellowhawk's strategic plan.
It's a really easy-to-ready overview of what Yellowhawk's strategy is over the next three
years.
Another piece to our process of becoming public health accredited, or getting to the point
of applying for accreditation, is really also helping our community understand what public
health accreditation is.
I've developed this little brochuring tool.
This is sort of the back side of the brochure, and the next page here—I'll move forward—is
the inside of the brochure.
Just a really simple brochure to help our community members understand that Yellowhawk
is pursuing public health accreditation.
These are the reasons why, and this is also the strategic plan that Yellowhawk is going
to implement to get us to that point.
I did want to highlight in this presentation our community engagement piece because I feel
like that has been the most important part of this process is engaging our community
members to get their feedback.
We're learning every day from our people, from our community, from our elders.
We need to do an excellent job as an organization to engage them and help them understand all
the things we're doing to address their health needs.
It was actually--as you saw in a previous slide, was one of our top health priorities,
and I just wanted to talk a little bit about the importance of it and some of the tools
we're doing, just different newsletters.
We've tried to revamp our branding and local process.
We just feel like this is a super important area, and in order to get to public health
accreditation and meet the public health needs of our community, we need to listen and learn
from our community members.
This final slide that I have here is really something that's really intimate and special
to us, and that is that we are opening a new tribal health center in the next few months,
actually.
The building is up.
It's actually been a process that's been 11 years in the making.
We felt like our current building, we're very siloed and segregated because it's grown so
much, we've had to add different outstation buildings.
And so, moving into a new facility is really a way that we feel like we're going to bring
that patient-centeredness, bring this back to a community gathering space, to not only
address the health needs of our community but connect with our community and make it
more than just a health center.
So, I just wanted to provide you all with a glimpse of our new health center that we're
extremely proud of.
I feel like maybe outside communities would not feel so much pride in opening a new clinic,
but I would say that our organization and our community has taken a lot of pride and
ownership in this facility, and we feel like this is just another way that we are enhancing
our ability to meet the needs of our tribal population and bring it to that patient-centeredness
and provide the best health care in Indian country that we possibly can.
I just wanted to share our process and our experience through public health accreditation
and really the different ways that we are listening and engaging our community's feedback
to move forward and bring public health in Indian country to homes.
Thank you.
I appreciate everyone that has taken the time to join our webinar today, and with that,
I will ask our moderator to do the question and answers.
Thank you.
Onyemaechi Nweke: Thank you so much for your presentation and listening to the two Carries.
We have Carrie Sampson, who just finished speaking, and Karrie Joseph, who spoke earlier.
I really appreciate the breadth and depth of information that you've covered today.
We only have about three minutes left, and maybe we can go over by two minutes because
I know that folks in the audience have questions.
So we're just going to go ahead and start taking questions.
While we do that, I would encourage people to please look at the questions, the survey
questions, that have popped up on your screen and answer those questions while we go through
the different Q&As.
The way this will proceed is I will ask a question.
Between myself and Dr. Bakos, we will ask the questions, and then our panelists will
respond to the questions.
If you have any additional questions, you can post them there, but since we have very
little time left, I doubt we'll be able to get through all the questions we have here.
So we have a question from someone from the Winslow Indian Health—I'm sorry, I can't
see the whole thing, but we have a question here, and the question is—are we still on?
Okay.
The question is, With reference to accreditation of tribes, how are individual service areas
considered?
Especially with a 638 facility.
I'm not sure what the last part means, but I'll let Carrie Sampson and Karrie Joseph,
see if they can explain what they mean by the 638.
It seems like coded words that you would understand.
Karrie Joseph: Yeah, this is Karrie Joseph.
638 refers to the Indian Self-Determination Act that we talked about, I talked about earlier,
that allows—and that's a common term.
If someone says, "Oh, we have a 638 facility," that means that the tribe has taken over the
operations of that facility from the Indian Health Service.
So that's one of the ways tribes can have health services provided.
Generally—and I know Navajo Nation is big and there's many service units or health care
facilities on the Navajo Nation, but when it comes to public health accreditation, it's
not the same as AAAC or health care facility accreditation.
It's not the facility itself that gets accredited; it's the entire public health system.
So it wouldn't be individual facilities getting accredited.
You'd be accrediting the public health system, and that's generally done through the tribe,
their Department of Health.
Onyemaechi Nweke: Okay.
There's one more question.
You talked about—you said earlier during your presentation—and this is Karrie Joseph—that
based on assessments, you have observed an increase in readiness of tribal public health
departments for accreditation.
Can you provide us with some insights on how you define readiness?
What do you mention as readiness?
Because I think that's an issue that's relevant not only to tribal public health departments
but local public health departments as well.
Karrie Joseph: Sure.
We have adapted the evidence-based community readiness assessment, which is a tool developed
probably over two decades ago, maybe at Colorado State.
It's an evidence-based tool that is used to find how ready is a community to take on whatever
issue it is, if it's substance abuse or opiode epidemic or anything like that.
We have adapted that tool for accreditation, so we have what's called an accreditation
readiness assessment.
And we look at six dimensions of that, so we'll look at—there's a question, a qualitative
sort of interview, and then the questions get scored over dimensions such as leadership,
community knowledge, what are the efforts that you're doing, how much does the staff
know about what you're doing, what do the staff feel, what's the climate of taking on
that issue, in this case accreditation.
In a nutshell, that's how we do that.
We've adapted the community readiness model.
Onyemaechi Nweke: Thank you.
We have 4:01 PM.
Alexis, do you have a question for them?
Would you like to ask a question?
Alexis Bakos: I definitely do.
One of the questions I have is for either one of our speakers.
One of your recommendations is funding of components of the accreditation process that
result in outcomes that are valued by tribes.
What outcomes do you believe are important to tribes, and what components of accreditation
influence these outcomes and how?
Karrie Joseph: I'll let—Carrie Sampson, if you want to give your perspective on that.
If not, I can answer that.
Onyemaechi Nweke: Are you
on mute?
Carrie Sampson: Yeah, sorry, I was just talking.
I said I was reading the Q&As on the webinar here.
Could you repeat that question real quickly?
Onyemaechi Nweke: Sure.
Definitely.
One of your recommendations is funding of components of the accreditation process that
result in outcomes that are valued by tribes.
What outcomes are important to tribes, and what components of accreditation influence
these outcomes and how?
Carrie Sampson: I would say the important components to us really as an organization
and making it a priority to fund public health accreditation and continued work is that we
see that it's valuable.
Again, that we uphold the same standards as other state and local health departments and
are providing a high-quality tribal public health program that is specific and meets
the specific needs of our community.
We're identifying those specific needs of our community by reaching out and engaging
our community and asking them to help us understand really the benefits of doing this, and through
the process we've started several new initiatives such as our community gardens, our different
challenges that we're offering, fitness challenges that we offer through our community.
We've initiated a health-in-all-policies framework and presented that to our tribal board.
So I'd say that these are impactful things that we're doing as a tribal health program,
and we see its value already and its impact on our community and the positive response
that we get from our community on these different practices and really these new health programs
and activities that we're doing.
I don't know if I answered—your question was kind of two parts, I know.
Sorry, I was a little long, but I just wanted to let you know some of the activities that
we've offered our community since beginning this process have really enhanced people's
access to new things.
Alexis Bakos: Thank you.
Thank you very much.
We have one more I think question.
Maechi, do you want me to read the one from—I think that's Health Insight?
Onyemaechi Nweke: Yes, please, go ahead.
Alexis Bakos: How did your work merge, if at all, with the area office?
We're from Phoenix, Arizona, and we cover five service units locally and 25 across the
nation.
How do you interweave this work with their aims?
Karrie Joseph: This is Karrie.
I'm not sure I understand which work the question is referring to.
Do you think it's talking about the work of NIHB?
Alexis Bakos: I have a feeling that—Health Insight, I'm not really sure if you can refine
your question a bit.
Is this in response to the work that Ms. Sampson has spoken about?
Onyemaechi Nweke: I suspect that—because I know that there are—does NIHB have area
offices?
Karrie Joseph: No, we work with the area Indian Health Board.
We don't have area offices.
Onyemaechi Nweke: Okay.
I wonder if that's what the person is referring to, the area Indian Health Board.
Alexis Bakos: He's saying yes.
Karrie Joseph: Okay.
Well, the NIHB as an organization, our board of directors, we have one elected tribal leader
from every IHS area, and there's 12 of those in the nation.
And each of the IHS areas, not all but most of them have an area Indian Health Board that
is a non-federal government group.
Those boards, although we serve all 567 tribes in terms of communication, we generally work
through the area Indian Health Boards.
I think that's sort of organizationally, so with that communication and networking and
monthly meetings, we get guidance from the area Indian Health Boards and what's going
on in that area and what is needed by the tribes or what are some of the issues.
And in turn, the area Indian Health Boards help us network information that's going on
here and in Washington, DC, and among the other area Indian Health Boards, or other
areas, I should say.
Onyemaechi Nweke: Thank you.
I think that helped to answer his question.
Okay.
So, I think we're at 4:08.
We have people who have dropped off already.
I want to again thank the panelists for being with us today, and I also want to thank you
for the great work that you are doing with tribes and tribal public health departments.
It's work that's very much needed.
If you haven't filled out the survey, you still have a couple of seconds to do it.
In any case, I'd like to also thank my colleagues, my co-moderator, Dr. Alexis Bakos, and I want
to say that a recording of today's webinar will be available on the registration website
usually within seven to 10 business days.
You will have access to the webinar at that page for about 90 days, and beyond the 90
days the recordings will be archived on the Federal Interagency Health Equity Team's webpage,
and that webpage is minorityhealth.hhs.gov/npa.
Without much ado, thank you very much, again, for participating in this webinar.
We'll connect with you again the next time we host a webinar, which should be sometime
soon.
Thanks, everyone.
-------------------------------------------
OffenderWatch seeks to keep public safe during Halloween - Duration: 0:54.
For more infomation >> OffenderWatch seeks to keep public safe during Halloween - Duration: 0:54. -------------------------------------------
Fairfax County Public Schools - 5000 Salad Bars to Schools Celebration - Duration: 2:18.
Scott Brabrand: We're celebrating
the 5000th salad bar around the country
here at Fairfax County County Public Schools at Lynbrook Elementary School
It's an amazing partnership.
Tom Stenzel: We started this salad bar program seven years ago
and look where we are today
It's a game changer!
Dorothy Mcauliffe: 2.5 million children in all 50 states
now have access to a salad bar because of this collobaration.
Rodney Taylor: Fairfax is being highlighted because of the fact
that we're the 10th largest school district in the country.
That sends a powerful message
That we can provide children access to healthy food.
Ann Cooper: We are now living in a time
where a third of all kids are overweight or obese.
The food that we feed them in schools
might be the only healthy meal they eat all day.
Happy Kid: "Celery is good!"
Christie St. Pierre: We want to try to have
a variety of color on the salad bar to choose from
Especially local seasonal crops.
Kids are knowing where their food comes from
as we work with more local farmers.
Chris Guerre: I'm close by
I'm growing it already.
I'll bring it over.
Dr. Curwood: That is really something
that not only supports students and their academic success
but supports the local economy as well.
Rodney Taylor: We're changing perceptions
about food in Fairfax.
And when you do that you win the trust of parents
you improve participation
which allows you to put even more quality foods in schools.
Happy Kid: "I love salad!"
Scott Brabrand: Food habits start young
and we need to be educating the whole child.
Jay Nocco: It's not just about math and reading
Christie St. Pierre: It's all connected
We want to help students become lifelong healthy eaters.
Dr. Curwood: Children thrive when they eat healthy food.
Scott Brabrand: They study better
They perform better.
Dorothy Mcauliffe: When we empower kids
to make healthy choices at school.
we're really teaching them lifelong habits
Ann Cooper: Together, we can make sure
that every child, everyday,
has healthy food in school.
Rodney Taylor: The next step is fully implementing the program.
We have salad bars in 24 schools.
We're going to bring on another 24 this year.
Scott Brabrand: By 2020, we will have salad bars
in every single elementary school in Fairfax.
Không có nhận xét nào:
Đăng nhận xét