Let's start with the warming relationship between South Korea and China.
It had looked as though there would be no turning back when Beijing began imposing highly
damaging economic retaliation measures over Seoul's missile defense upgrade decision.
But with the top nuclear envoys of the two sides set to hold talks in Beijing today,..
the door for more meetings and closer ties is now open.
Kim Hyo-sun reports.
South Korea's special representative for Korean Peninsula peace and security affairs, Lee
Do-hoon, will meet with his Chinese counterpart Kong Xuanyou in Beijing on Tuesday.
This will be their first face-to-face meeting since the two took office.
And early next month,... a delegation of six South Korean lawmakers led by Representative
Chung Dong-young of the liberal opposition People's Party,... will sit down with China's
former State Councilor Tang Jiaxuan to discuss measures to tackle North Korea's nuclear threats.
Moreover, former South Korean prime minister Lee Soo-sung and five sitting lawmakers are
scheduled to attend a seminar with Chinese diplomatic experts in Beijing on Friday.
The two neighbors also plan to resume police authorities exchanges, which have been halted
since July last year after Seoul's announcement of the deployment of the THAAD anti-missile
system.
Diplomatic sources in Beijing have interpreted the resumption of government-level exchanges
as a positive sign.
(CHINESE) "We hope South Korea-China relations return
to a peaceful and healthy trajectory as soon as possible."
With such a marked thawing of relations,... watchers note that such changes could be seen
as orders from the Chinese leadership.
Kim Hyo-sun, Arirang News.
For more infomation >> Resumption of South Korea-China public exchanges may signal improved bilateral relations - Duration: 1:51.-------------------------------------------
Thomas Barclay - Microlensing and the K2 Experiment | Science Public Lecture | NASA Lecture - Duration: 53:14.
Welcome to the 2016 NASA Ames summer series
Biology is a magnification of the physical laws and structures that it is made of
Planets until recently have been thought to be unique, but the Kepler mission has demonstrated
that they are ubiquitous part of the physical universe and just
a reflection of the physical universe
K2
Has taken the Kepler satellite that's lost its ability to maintain
its
Long-duration pointing stability and created a new mission that observes the fields along the ecliptic Elaine
What discoveries await?
Today's presentation entitled micro lensing and the k2 experiment will be given by dr. Thomas Barkley
Dr. Barkley is the director of the Kepler k2 guest observer office?
where he is in part as
part of the duties responsible for performing Kepler and k2
driven investigations
He received a Bachelors of Science and physics from the University of Leeds
Followed by a Masters of Science in astronomy and radio astronomy from the University of Manchester
he then went on to
receive a PhD in astrophysics from the
University College London
Several notable discoveries that dr. Barkley, led
Include the detection of the smallest known exoplanet
and characterization of the first super Earths sized planet
Orbiting close to its star's habitable zone
Please join me in welcoming dr. Barkley
Good morning everyone and thanks for coming and hopefully you're all well and rest rested from the three-day weekend
So you'll be awake for the entire presentation which is going to be a really great thing
I'm going to talk about k2 the k2 mission, but I'm going to start actually by talking about the Kepler mission
We use the Kepler spacecraft for k2 and the Kepler mission. I think was one of the most important missions
We as an agency have ever done
It's can truly say that it's redefined where we see ourselves in the universe
What is our place? Where do we come from? Where are we going?
it's it's it's telling us about ourselves, and I think that's really really wonderful and fantastic and and and
changes our paradigm
So the Kepler missions goal was to determine the fraction of habitable zone planets
That are earth sized in our galaxy
And I think the mission has really done this and it's told us that there are planets everywhere and that
Once again, we learned that we're not especially unique or special out there at least in terms of where we live so
Just a brief mention of how we find planets
What we do is. We look at stars planets pass across the face of a star
You're still going yes sure like this
This is even better planets pass across the face of a star and when they pass across
They block a little bit of the star's light and that dimming we detect we call it a transit
We named this transit after things that happen in our own solar system. This is our own solar system
This is the Sun and this is Venus passing in front of it
Fortunately, I got to see two transits of Venus if you didn't see one you're gonna
Hope that you live well eat well and live for another 100 or 200 years because then it occur very often
Certainly not again in my lifetime
But this is the transit Venus. You can see some really wonderful things like this
Do you see this jittering on the surface of the star of the Sun here? This isn't just the projector?
Putting noise in there. This is actually what's going on on the surface of our star. This is granulation
This is motion convective motion coming up one of the amazing things about our spacecraft
And and what it does and how sensitive is it is is that this?
granulation noise
And surface noise and convective features is actually what limits our ability to find planets
Across among many of our stars is it's the stars themselves are too noisy, and they they they limit our detecting ability
I think that's really wonderful
But you see see some nice things there about finding planets you see the limb of the stars
Darker than the center of the star. This is what we call limb darkening. We see this in our Kepler data
You even see a little bit of the atmosphere of Venus
and I think the next 20 or 30 years of our our agency's exoplanet hunting and search will be to try and
Model the atmospheres of other planets not just ones in our own solar system
So why is it so difficult?
Why didn't we find lots and lots of planets until we had a mission in space to detect them
Well, this is what a Jupiter would look like
transiting
The Sun you see it's pretty big, it's about
1/10 the radius of the star therefore blocks about about 1% of the area
It's fairly easy to detect we call it a 1% transit a 1% dip
We see these from the ground these were amongst the first planets trying to found now. Let's look what earth would look like
Do you see this tiny dot up here here? It is? That's what earth is look like
the amount of light blocked by earth is
About 100 parts per million now to put that another way just imagine
you know there's a million photons coming from this star just a hundred are blocked by this planet and
Yet, we can detect these things in fact. We can just take many of these things
But we needed to build a special instrument, and so I hashed up a little short movie here
Showing some of the heroes of this story, you know we scientist gets to talk a lot about the results
but it's the
engineers and their ingenuity that time and again has enabled us to both build a wonderful instrument and then
Keep the mission going and keep it operating
Throughout this talk. I think everything we've done is depended on the ingenuity and the resourcefulness
and and the the childlike excitement of brilliant engineers
So I wish me to go back to the start
And I'll just show you some of the components of the spacecraft. This is our mirror
It's a one point four meter mirror. It goes at the bottom of the spacecraft
This is our camera up there
So you'll see some images that look like this camera that they they have the same shape this is actually a movie
But they're moving very slowly
But that's the solar the solar panel and later on the solar panel is going to become very
Important for for what I'm going to tell you this is just the the thing arriving at the Kennedy Space Center
for for launch
whilst the end packets
And here they are just just putting everything together and again you see you see this this spacecraft you see the the solar panel here
Which which became very important so the spirit of the mission launched in?
2009 in March and since then has been been operating firstly as a Kepler mission, and now is the k2 mission
As aboard a Delta 2 for those of you interested
One important thing to know about the spacecraft and for the microlensing component. This is absolutely essential is that Kepler doesn't orbit the Earth?
Kepler orbits the Sun and trails the earth in and what we call an earth trailing orbit
actually as time goes on Kepler gets further and further away from Earth a
Communication bandwidth goes decreases as a function of time
and
Eventually it'll drift and drift and drift until it goes behind the Sun
This is the were the main Kepler mission which lasted until 2013
we looked at a single patch of sky the entire time a reach of the sky in the
constellations of Lyra and
and and
The Cygnus that's the constellation that was escaping me and and you see here
This is the picture of the camera that camera that I was showing you earlier on board. It's about a hundred megapixels or so
It has 84 C CDs
Arranged in this pattern and so when you see big images of ours the reason they look like they do is because that's what our
Camera looks like and the bottom left here is actually an image of some of our data
People don't often show real Kepler data. They show lots the results
They show lots of artistic images, but they don't often show the data
And there's a very good reason for that our data. Doesn't look like Hubble data Hubble data
Essentially you need to take it you put it up as an image, and it looks beautiful
And then people work to make it look even more beautiful
But but the beauty's intrinsic to the image the beauty isn't intrinsic to our images our images look like fuzzy blobs
They're they're they're somewhat large blobs. These are the stars and this is where the magic happens
but simply all we do is we take a
Essentially a photograph every 30 minutes continuously we did that for four years
Of the same different regions of these weather stars are these fuzzy blobs so you have a nice time series of
Images just like this one
But what can they tell us?
This is actually how we find planets and they don't there's so much information in this time series
I showed a little bit at the movie of what a transit would look like
but remember
Stars here are just this blogs with we see them actually that they're what we call point sources and that we don't resolve the stars
We can't tell the the brightness across the surface of a star just from the image
They're just a single point of light that then gets a dispersed of it
So you can't physically see a planet passing through the middle of this you just see the integrated light of the the point source
Decreasing and that's what you're seeing here
This is actually some some real data is actually some early data, but I think it it shows nicely of
What a planet looks like you see this this random scatter this this kind of small level scatter across the data
That's the noise from the surface of a star in addition to some of the noise from our instrument you see regular dips
On top of this noise or dips down the size of these dips
Tells us that there's a planet there
there's a planet crossing across the surface of a star and the depth of the dips tells us about the
ratio of the size of the star to the size of the planet
It's actually the ratio of the area it tells us how much what percentage of the area of the star we're blocking
So if we block
If we know how big the star is and we know what percentage of light the stars?
Is being blocked we know how big the planet is it's just simple as that?
The other thing we can tell is by how frequent the dips are
We can tell how fast the star the planet goes around the star is orbital period earth that would have one transit every
365 days
That's all it is
By knowing how fast of platon that goes around the star and knowing how big the star is we know how far the planet is
away from the star we can start to understand how much energy the planets receiving from its star and then
Imaginations go wild thinking about what kind of biology could be on the star
And there actually lots of experts who know we're not a lot more than we do and really
Telling this from from being what in my mind is amazing science fiction into science fact and wonderful in-depth real new
Understanding about where we where we come from
So this is what I was saying turning pixels into planets we start off with this fuzzy blob. This is one star here
We measure it continuously for several years, and we get up the thing in the center
This is showing that dip here. This is the transit
this transits
just less than
It's like one part in
Was it one part in 10 to the 4 or so or 10 to the 10 to the 4?
That shows us that was the first rocky planet we ever found this planet was
About 50% larger than the earth, it's a the first terrestrial planet. We knew of outside of our own system and
Then there's the artistic image in the bottom right because we like artistic images
So the this this
Really tells the story of what the Kepler mission
Did and why why I think when I when I use a lot of?
superlatives to describe
The impact of this mission, I don't think I'm overstating things
This is our understanding in 2009 of what the planets outside our own solar system did
so the first planet was found in 1995 that was 51 peg first planet outside our own solar system and
then since then they've been a
Though there was a number of discoveries most of them very large planets most of them things jupiter-sized
so this is a graph here the the y-axis the up the vertical axis shows the size of a planet and
The relative to earth where Earth at one Jupiter's at 11 Neptune's about four and the orbital period of the planet so it's planets year
You can see there's lots of giant planets there were some hot giant planets in pink
These are ones found by the transit method the method that we use with Kepler
And then there are a few smaller ones found but nothing nothing really that was was definitely earth
Looking looking like Earth there was really a dearth of planets around Neptune sized so
Before we launched Kepler. We didn't know if earths were rare or common
We didn't know if Neptune's were rare or common on most planets Jupiter sized
You know the most things we found was Jupiter sized, but that's because that's all we could find
And this is what happened over the next four years
BAM there's about 4600 planet candidates in here of which so far. We know
2,300 of those are real confirmed exoplanets
So this has gone from knowing of
tens of planets Jupiter size to knowing that there are thousands of planets out there and
Most of them interestingly aren't aren't like the earth era they're not like Neptune either
They're in this middle range between Earth and Neptune what we call super Earths
Super Earths are wonderful and fantastic because we don't have any of them in our own solar system
So we we really don't understand very much about them
You know if we find something
Sighs we can make a good guess that it's maybe like Venus or maybe like earth we find something Jupiter sighs well
Maybe it's like Jupiter. We find something super earth-sized. We really don't know
So it's an exciting time trying to learn what these are made of and and and why they stopped coming
But you can see there's no planets out here
so this is 2013 and
Since then when the mission stopped and since then we've been working extremely hard to develop our algorithms and software to improve our detection
methods and methodologies and
Signal to noise so we can find these we can dig in the noise and find these new the planets out here
Which is where we were really hoping to find find exoplanets because at least as far as we we can understand planets
Like like ours have liquid water, and they are the size of ours
So we're trying to find things in that regime that a temperate enough to have liquid water perhaps
and so this is the latest as of
the latest planet candidate come out in 2015
There are very little updates since then, but there'll be another update later this year
And you can see that finally we're starting to find small numbers of planets out at this earth, Earth region
That means we're sensitive to earth sized things and we're finding earth sized things orbital periods of one year
This is places like where we live
Perhaps and the next mission is going to try and understand them do they have atmospheres
What do they like to they have water? This is the future this is for the interns in the room?
This is this is the jet your generation is to
Help us learn and help us understand or even just to exist at the time when we're finding
atmospheres on other planets
Okay, so as I mentioned one of the before Kepler launched we knew of
Just Jupiter sized things so are they common the answer's no
Jupiter's are extremely rare if you look at what we find we find very few jupiter-sized planets
Other detection methods are finding the same thing Jupiter isn't a common thing in fact if we if you found another
Earth-sized planet in the habitable zone it probably doesn't have a Jupiter companion
The most common things we're finding a sort of Neptune super-earths and neptune-like
Things when you correct for our
detection sensitivity you find that probably the most common planets out there are things that are earth sized I
Just wanted to touch upon some of the individual discoveries a lot of them led by people who work within NASA Ames
along with some wonderful external scientists
Who've been involved with our team this includes things that are the first earth-sized planet?
The first capital 20 to be the first planet inside of its habitable zone
And then as we move along the first earth-sized planet inside. It's habitable zone
This is kepler 186f in the first so a super earth sized thing
Orbiting within the habitable zone none of these are quite earth-like yet, so these are this the most exciting
Planets we've discovered so far, but I think we're moving towards every step. We make things that remind us of Earth
And
If you think of we found these thousands of planets we must be looking at a lot of a lot of the sky
Actually, no. We look at at one tiny area
This is this region just shows you the tiny span where we're finding planets with Kepler in fact
It's even smaller than this because we can only find planets that cross in front of their star
But of course the vast majority of planets don't cross in front of their star. They're the ecliptic plane is an angle towards us
therefore we don't find them we only detect a few percent or less than a percent of of
Planets around their stars so while we found thousands of galaxies huge, and we detect very few so there really are truly planets everywhere
So cap was
Unfortunately the the Kepler mission came to an end after four years in 2013
In 2012 we had a good inkling that the that our time
operating the Kepler mission was was going to come to an end we lost a
Reaction wheel so on the spacecraft we launched we have four reaction wheels you can actually see them here these are wheels
These things are now
We're not actually pointing to the wheel those are wheels
these actually
this is how we point the spacecraft you have wheels you have them orthogonal to each other and you spin them and
By spinning in the right way
You can turn the spacecraft or you can hold it pointing steady the solar wind is constantly blowing towards us
And it's trying to return the spacecraft and so we need to counteract that by spinning wheels it's very simple. It's nicely
just just using angular momentum to keep us pointing unfortunately losing one is okay, because you still have three axes and
Dement three dimensions, and you still have three wheels losing two is not good and in 2013 we lost the second of these
so that
meant that we have two axes and three spatial dimensions and
And many people thought that that was that was the mission over, but here are some some nice headlines. I found
kepler planet hunting suffers major failure says NASA
That was it perhaps that was it perhaps that was the end of the mission
Rest in peace care for
NASA gives up hope of fixing it
One thing you should learn about engineers is I I think they they never give up even if they're told there they have to give
Up they're gonna keep keep digging away
And and I think talking to some of the engineers at Ball Aerospace?
And here at here at Ames
Who are involved in this the time when kepler broken things look pretty dire? I think they they had the most fun
They've ever had in their entire lives nasa nasa missions are fairly
Restricted you know you you don't want to go out straw outside the lines because your spacecraft's operating its operating well
And you don't want to break anything, and it's very easy to break things in space
But suddenly you had something that was broken, and you couldn't make it more broken
It didn't work, so you're allowed to do anything you win reason anything you like to try and get
Fixing all wacky ideas were entertained
About what we could do with a spacecraft?
And you've got to play doing all these things that at graduate school and undergraduate you got to you learnt about
Or as a writing
So this was the this is the next report that came out all is not lost
Suddenly someone had an idea of how how we can keep going and Hubble spacecraft down the hunt for a new mission
So this was great. What was this new mission this new mission was the k2 mission
Many people are saying why is it called k2?
Why is it not Kepler - well as a matter that was well as its named after the mountain?
k2 not not Kepler Wow Everest may be the highest mountain a
Higher proportion of people died climbing k2, so I thought this was a appropriate metaphor for our for our mission an extremely challenging
thing that
to
Do and to to to try and try and keep operating, so how does this new Kepler mission work so you have three axes I?
Brought a model I have a prop so you have three axes and
If you think you point it like this and your solar pressure goes like this you're gonna roll
Like this and tumble and you might be able to hold two dimensions
But you're still gonna start to roll and you're gonna start to tumble
So what we need what the engineers realize is we need to find a way to
balance the spacecraft to hold the spacecraft in fine pointing Wow
With the two reaction wheels and then balance it against the solar pressure
Then once you come up with that idea the answer is fairly simple
The solar pressure comes at you like this so you need to point like this at the Sun
You can hold the pitch in your steady you guys are the Sun in this image
Pitching your steady. That's this way and then all its uncontrolled is this roll vector
So if you point your solar panels the thing I told you would be important at the Sun so that they're finely balanced so the
spacecraft looks symmetrical and the normal to the Sun you minimize roll
And you can balance your spacecraft you can point precisely right over here, and you can operate your mission again
So this Ridge this is what we call the balance point
And this is this is just another image showing you
This way down the bore sight of the spacecraft
And you can see what we need to do is we need to find
Finer ways of the soul of son coming from here is just balanced and so we spent several months commissioning the spacecraft
Essentially learning what the spacecraft looked like in the normal to the Sun?
so our commissioning involves us pointing at the start pointing a field of the sky and seeing how much we
reroll, and then changing that angle of it and seeing how much we roll until we learn where the balance of the spacecraft was and
Amazingly, we could we were able to do this
We're able to learn the shape of the spacecraft in in the in space and point the spacecraft precisely
Using wheels and by balancing it now. It's not a fire finally precise
balance it's an unstable equilibrium
Eventually you're going to roll one way or the other
So the way we control for that is that if we point it. We start to roll if you roll too far
We fire a thruster which puts us back and the thrusters
Our thrusters are on here it puts us back to where we were and so you have this continual motion of pointing roll
Reset roll reset, and we do that about every 6 6 to 12 hours
So this is the nice headline, I thought this was well described exactly what we're doing there that that description kepler
kepler resurrects planet-hunting NASA resurrects counts on attending Kepler with broken parts with magical Sun
So I think that's I thought that was very nice
So yeah magical Sun
Because of what we're doing this actually limits us
But also create created our mission and created what we're doing our
Limitations though that we could only look for us at a part of the sky for about 80 days
the reason being if you think of the again, you're the Sun and you're going around the Sun like
Around the Sun like this looking backwards
you can look at somewhere over here and
You your limit is you can't go too far around?
Are you gonna start getting light down the barrel the spacecraft which is terrible? You don't want something like down there and then
That's around here. You don't and then the other side. You can't get too far around
This way as you over at the Sun because you don't want you want to get the solar panel
I keep having lights
So that limits us to observations of in one way about 30 degrees in there the way about 50 degrees so about 80 degrees
Because we our orbital period is roughly
360 degrees that's about one degree a day so it gives us an 80-day campaign
This is what this is showing this is us going around the Sun this way we pointed a field over here
We move around we keep pointing and then we point up to 190 degrees away
And this is an 80 days of motion we point backwards so we don't get bugs on the mirror when we move
It's actually so we don't get earth in the field of view if you point forwards you
You would get earth in the field of view very naturally if I would have to pass through the field of view Earth's
extremely bright and
When we were commissioning this we weren't sure
What would happen if something that bright fell onto our focal plane?
And so we decided well given the balance between putting forwards and backwards. It's fairly even less point backwards
We since learnt that it's actually fine. If gets into our field of view. It doesn't cause any long-term damage or anything
But that was just the way we built the mission
So what happens then is you get a lot of fields observed along this ecliptic plane the plane that our spacecraft
Our spacecraft
Looks out on the plane that the Earth and Sun are in and so this is that this is nice you all know the constellations
The ecliptic plane or probably most of you because there's a dial constellations
So the first two years of our mission was shown in in in
Brown, it's probably brown Brown here, and and the next two years are shown in green
So these next two years have just been funded so we know we're gonna go be at least a four-year mission
I'm going to talk a little bit
Soon about the the yellow arrow here. This is campaign 9. This is our microlensing campaign
We did a dedicated campaign to microlending and you're gonna hear some of that later
I
Might give you a talk of someone else will give you a talk in two years telling you about the the next arrow the supernova
Focus campaign a a single experiment dedicating to understanding supernovae and the the early rise are when a supernova happens
But that's that's going to happen sometime next year
K2 isn't just Kepler, but worse that's the important thing
It's a very different mission, and we knew we couldn't survive being Kepler, but worse Kepler Kepler changed everything
But Kepler took all this data, and we're using it to understand
Around us, but I think
Kepler's done. I mean we've got the data. We needed to learn a lot about our universe
We don't want to collect that data again and learn the same things we want to do something new
So k2 enables us to do that we can do things
We couldn't do with Kepler because of the way the spacecraft operates here are just some some examples
Of things that we didn't do with Kepler this is
M35 this is a cluster of stars
Clusters of stars are fantastic laboratories to study astrophysics all the stars formed at the same time or roughly the same time
Therefore they probably all have the same composition so you have stars the same composition same age
Why do they differ and their differences should tell you something about what them?
How old they are how massive they are how?
What their radius is what the evolution his eerie history is our binary is more common a binary is less common
What are planets like in clusters so so you can learn about how things form as as?
Universe goes on by looking at different clusters at different ages Kepler didn't look at many clusters
We can look at lots because we look along the ecliptic
Ecliptic is full of clusters. We look at Kepler looked at one field
We're gonna look at 18 fields so we get 18 amount of the x amount of area that Kepler saw
This this is star forming regions Kepler intentionally didn't look at star forming regions
Why is that because star forming regions are full of dust and dust absorbs optical light, and if you absorb optical light?
You don't see as many stars. You don't find as many planets and you can't find earth-like things
With caplet with k2, that's not a limitation anymore. We look at a single field for 80 days if it's got lots of dust
we'll just look at somewhere with less dust in three months and
Now we can start to study these youngest stars
We can study how stars form we can study how planets form we can study
When planets form do planets form right away at the same time the star they take a few million years after the star
Do they form close to the star do they form far out from the star these are questions k2 can answer that?
Kepler wasn't able to answer these a new new science. We're learning and something
I'll show you a little bit of a movie of this is a a comet here
The ecliptic plane as we learn very quickly when we started getting our commissioning data is full of
Moving objects because it looks at where our own solar system is our solar system forms in a disk and so kept k2 is looking
Into this disk and so we see thousands and thousands of asteroids and we see planets
But plants closer to home than what we're used to
There's a little bit about focus, but this is a cover image from our proposal we put in
But this is showing you all the constellations along our ecliptic and things that either we have observed or will observe in those
constellations, and you can see this huge variety from from
galaxies to planets to
To clusters to planetary nebulae all different science in all different fields
Were depending where you look you find different things you have different science
So I think I think
K2 is really far exceeded our expectations of the the breadth of science. It's doing it's it's it's really
changed from this somewhat narrow mission of Kepler into this extremely broad mission of a general astrophysics Observatory in
Addition to astrophysics we also do some planetary science work planetary sciences is looking at things in our own solar system
Here is
Just a quick movie of us an object from our own solar system. This is the planet Neptune and
You can see something going around Neptune. That's the moon, Triton
This is I think about 60 days of data?
And you can see this this planet moving you see a smear because the planet
bleed of the bright because the planets very bright we can see very nicely the moon the motion and the orbital dynamics
you know we a lot of us learned orbital dynamics in in an undergraduate in high school in PhD at different levels I
certainly had never seen orbital dynamics happen in real time or or in a movie like this as the moon goes around the
Planet here, you can see Kepler's laws in in acts in a single movie
And the reason the Neptune is moving so much isn't that net cheese moving fast. It's that the the para lactic angle of
Kepler-22 - to Neptune here is changing as
the spacecraft moves around the Sun the the
Position of Neptune compared to the background stars moves we call this a parallax, and that's what's going on here
This is just showing you some of the other solar system stuff
We're doing this is the the brightness change of some Astrid
transept tuning objects things in orbit in the same orbit as Pluto and you can see this little wiggle in brightness as
They rotate we can learn the shapes of
Bodies in the outer solar system we can learn how they rotate we can learn how bright they are
This can help us learn how the solar system formed
The reason I'm showing planetary science stuff is because I think nobody predicted that we would do a lot of planetary science work
But it's actually become a very important part of the mission as we learn about our own solar system and that informs us about
exoplanets and vice-versa I
Like this movie because it's the faintest thing we ever observed with k2. This is something for those who understand magnitudes 23rd magnitude is
Extremely faint you can see something going up and down. Do you see that?
That's a transit tuning object. I don't know if you can you can see that in the movie
You have to get your eye in there we go up and down the faintest thing. We've ever observed
Kepler observes from okay - we observe objects from the extremely bright to the extremely faint we have this huge dynamical range of brightness
Okay, so I mentioned clusters clusters is extremely important. This is an image of the Pleiades
I show Hubble images because Hubble's beautiful as I mentioned earlier. This is a Hubble image of the Pleiades
this is actually our image of the Pleiades the Seven Sisters as
Many of you'll know it
And the seven bright stars here, which are used really?
Heavily in astrophysics to try and understand how how stars operate?
Let's zoom in here, and this is showing you this - the shape of RC CDs
This is showing you where where are where we looked for a given campaign
And then we put masks around the and we put mass around them and we can observe these bright stars
In the in this field of view and you can see them actually because they're moving here
That's the movement of the spacecraft
I mentioned there's six hour roll so by looking at these we can look how their brightness changes over time we can look at seismology
Inside of these stars as they oscillators as gas moves up and down and can
Convex inside them and we can understand the internal structure of these stars that people have been observing for
millennia
Giving you insights on them
This is just a just show. I'll show you some of the
Full frame images as we call them. This is our full frame
You'll see that there are two to CCDs that are no longer operating, but the the rest of the the area
Really is vast and and can teach us a huge amount about that our galaxy
And this is so this is where the Pleiades is this is another cluster the Hyades that many of you heard of
Prosecco or M or the Beehive cluster falls into things
So so this is a hugely diverse field and hugely new things that we can we can look into
Of course k2 is still an exoplanet powerhouse
Exoplanets really is what the mission primarily seems to do while we're a general observatory people propose
To do science and exoplanets is obviously a very big part of this
There are 50 confirmed more than 50 confirmed planets from k2
I think there's about a thousand planet candidates as of yesterday
There was an eight announcement of about eight hundred new planet candidates so K twos
Pushing up there
Towards the Kepler numbers of things detected and crucially we're finding planets around the nearest stars and the nearest and brightest stars
Things that perhaps we can hope to characterize with missions like James Webb
So this is the as of a month ago the number of planets
We're finding you see this actually mirrors kept look quite nicely very few bigger things
many more of these smaller things
Peaking in the super earth size regime where we're most sensitive
So this is just showing you some of these as why we differ from Kappler
Those this is a popular hand out image that we we gave to many people as opposed to for Kepler
And then we made one for k2 and and with Kepler you thought how small the Sun is with k2 you think how big the?
Sun is that's because k2 lots looks with lots of nearby planet stars trying to find planets around the
Smallest stars these M. Dwarfs as we call them the reason being small stars are have a bigger transit depth
I said transits a function of the the area of the planet divided by the area of the star blocked or
The area of the star and therefore if you shrink the star you find big smaller planets easy it more easily
So that's what we're doing k2. We're finding these planets around the smallest stars
So
Kepler's told us a lot about the inner part of the solar system of the solar systems
It's taught us about the occurrence of things interior basically of Earth's orbit around other stars
But if you look at this graph this shows you how?
where the the inner system of
Our solar system and where Kepler's sensitive the blue region here is showing Kepler sensitivity as a function of of
Distance from from a star and it tails off as you get towards the Earth's orbit
And then if you shrink that region down and look at how big our solar system is
You realize that Kepler while teaching us so much about other planetary systems
It's just a tiny window into the into even our own solar system in fact
If you think of what Kepler could detect in our own solar system
Kepler might find one perhaps two planets in our own solar system of which our system has many
So we've just probed this tiny regime
Fortunately there's something called micro lensing that may may come out to inform us of other
Regions around other stars
Teach us things about Neptune Saturn Uranus and there a frequency that we simply don't know right now
and
K2 is going to be an important part of this
So what is gravitational microlensing very very simply gravitational microlensing uses the fact that gravity warps space-time
So if you have a lot of gravity and you have a background star the light from that bat
Or a background galaxy in a traditional micro lensing the the the light from that galaxy is going to be bent
That's gonna. Be focused and so you see
That light these background galaxies is brighter than they would actually be this is nutritional gravitational microlensing
It's been used for for a long time to weigh
Foreground galaxies you can understand the mass of things by how much they bend the light
Grab a micro lensing
guys that was gravitational lensing micro lensing
Uses this effect
But in on the much much smaller scale you
take a background star a star on our Galactic bulge say in the center of our galaxy and
Then you have that light coming towards you and then you have a foreground star perhaps even a star
That's too thin to see but the light of that background star is bent around the foreground star
So as that foreground star moves past because everything's moving moves past the background star
You see the background star get brighter because the light is focused towards us we call this a micro lens
And so that's what you're seeing here
Background star foreground star moving, and you see this shape of the brightening, but what if this foreground star had a planet?
You'd see two dips
You'd see first the main different micro lensing of the star a little dip caused by the lensing of the planet
The planets causing and this is a micro lensing event so this goes up, then you see the secondary dip that lasts
You know of order a few hours to a day and the main event might last a few weeks
We've detected a few planets like this
But very few and the Kepler mission is going to help us to take many more of these this is a
Brief movie, I'm gonna show showing you how this effect works not just for stars of planets
But also perhaps for free-floating planets the idea is that there's planets orbiting no star
wandering planets or rogue planets
I call the free-floating planets so in addition to finding planets around distant distant around their own star we can also find planets
That orbit with no star
So this is just the my cleansing effect
This is the lens here move across this is the the back
This is the foreground star that you can't see warping the lights
And then you see this ring as it is it focused the light towards you and then when you add up all that light you
See this this
bright brightening
So k2 is going to look towards the center of the galaxy where there are the most stars you have the most chance of something
passing in front of a a
Background star and it's going to try and find these events by looking looking a large patch of the sky towards there
We just look at what Kepler probe in its tiny region we can see
That in comparison is very small
Compared to the way the microlensing region is going to probe Micronesia region has a much more higher volume of space where it can find
Events towards the center of the galaxy looking for these these very faint
Stars that pass in front of these background things so but why k2?
Okay, these micronized events have been observed from the ground some wonderful ground-based observing projects to detect them
And they found planets or have found few low tens of planets
Kepler gives you something else Kepler
Isn't orbiting Earth it's far from the earth in fact as I mentioned. It's about
8/10 of the way to the Sun as is the distance that Kepler's away
So that means that Kepler and Earth look at a different angle towards these micro lensing events and these microlensing events are extremely
Precisely tuned and the shape of this brightening is very precise and very
Sensitive to the angle that you're looking at it
So if both of them look at a slightly different angle they see different things the events look slightly different
This is just a example of what something would look like here
You see the the my cleansing event from Earth and you see a slightly different time a center and a slightly different
magnification from what the the space crack the k2 mission would detect with a Kepler spacecraft
And you can use these differences in the shape to learn things about the unseen lens star
Primarily and the unseen lens planet. Hopefully primarily you learn about its mass. You know how massive these planets are
Without the extra line-of-sight. It's very hard to uniquely determine the mass
I'll skip that one
of course doing this requires a
Lot of ground-based observing the Earth's a challenging place to look at continuously
Kappa k2 can look at a place continuously fairly easily. We just point on the earth
There are two reasons one the Earth rotates, and you have daytime two you have whether you're clouds
So because we wanted to observe this region simultaneously from Earth and space for three months with no break
We put together a huge network of spare telescopes to observe
This is just some of the the telescopes that are observing these regions of sky
continuously both doing
observing of large regions and also follow-up
Events are found
These telescopes I think most of them are observing every single night for the campaign campaign 9. Which which ended a few days ago
It was and and most of these are manual so you needed people observing at the telescope's for 3 months
straight for all these telescopes
I like to think that we we actually observed the the micro lensing region for more than 24 hours a day because we had multiple
telescopes going simultaneously for three months
And so that meant that when there's weather and when there's daytime there wasn't a break
This is just the the the first image that we pulled down from the spacecraft. This is our full-frame image
This was made courtesy of Doug Caldwell who works within the project and I try to
Show you what this looks like it looks nothing like any of our previous full-frame images
And that's because it's just packed with stars the stars everywhere
and
You know this is like looking at the Milky Way in fact if any of you have been lucky enough to be in the southern
Hemisphere it's like looking in the Milky Way in the southern hemisphere, or you see more stars
and
So this is a region the dark regions where there's lots of dust and here you've seen huge numbers of stars
And this is where we we do some of our microlensing experiments
And as of today there are about 500 micro lensing events detected from the ground and from from from the spacecraft
Which we hope to find planets in still working progress that campaign stopped over the weekend
And we're gonna be working hard to find find more events as time goes on
I'm just going to stop here and saying that this isn't the end of the story my cleansing we understand as a
An agency to be an extremely valuable
way to
Determine what other planetary systems are like Kepler told us about the hot planets the planets that are hotter than Earth and equal to Earth
k2 and
W first in the future are telling us about the cold planets
Don't be first to launch in 2024 and we'll be detecting
thousands of jupiter-like planets and neptune-like planets, and maybe cold earth-like planets orbiting their best distant stars
and
Hopefully lots of free-floating planets
Orbiting no star road planets, so I know I say
it's just thanks for coming and stay tuned for our early estimates of
Micra lensing events when we find them they'll be coming out of the next 12 months. Thank you
So we have time for some questions if you have a question
Please raise your hand and wait for the microphone ask one question only. Thank you
Hi Richard art reader was sort of Colorado. Thanks for that great. Talk. I have a question regarding the
Regions of planets that are detected you had mentioned that there's an issue of sensitivity in terms of noise
Versus detection and it's in this sort of Earth analog or sorry earth earth
Weejun
I'm wondering if you are aware of the star shade project
And I'm wondering if you have any information regarding that how it's proceeding if it's proceeding yeah
so so yeah our
limited sensitivity of Earth's sides can because
When you build a spacecraft you tend not to?
Fund it to do things far and beyond your actual what you want to do
You know you what you want to come in as cheap as possible, but still do amazing science
So you make what you want to do, just possible and so
That's why we're not detecting many because it's extremely hard and our mission ended after after just four years
However, we are finding things, which is which is really fantastic
The starshade project is just mind-blowing
It really is you launch a spacecraft to look at a star you then launch this huge thing that can be you know
tens of meters across looks like a
petals of a flower to block light from the star and by blocking light from the star
You can start to see the planets around the star
reason if you look at a star in the sky
you can't see planets even if your eyes were incredibly sensitive because your Swap pumped by light from the
light from the star swamps any light coming from the planet
but if you use very
Clever optics sort of block out light from the star you can see that see the planets these star shades are gonna orbit
Millions of miles from the from the spacecraft is it's an incredible undertaking
But there are certainly there are plans that this star shades going to be launched
Perhaps in the 2020s there are certainly investigations going on right now perhaps even
As part of the w first experiment, it's it's it's a very much an exciting new area of research
But it's it's very challenging to do one of the reasons is you can look at once over here
And then you have to move your star shade
millions of miles in order to look at another star in another part of the sky
That and the optics which incredibly hard to create
But I think I think coronagraphs which are much smaller things to block the light and star shades which are much bigger things
But all but far for the spacecraft are going to be how we're gonna find
And understand life outside our own solar system because you can actually image the planets themselves you can see
Directly the light coming from these planets you can understand perhaps. What's in the atmospheres of these planets?
Hi, I'm Morgan from Florida Tech
And I was wondering what the most common solar system
Configuration is for exoplanets, and if we have enough data to speculate about
about that
Kepler
Really, you know it probes the inner solar systems
It doesn't probe the outer solar systems, but other things do I think the average solar system?
doesn't have
Many giant planets the average solar system probably has planets closer in than ours
We're probably a little unusual in that we don't have anything interior to mercury
That said the universe is so large that I think if you
And and the number of parameters so high that if you looked at any planetary system
You'd say this one's unique for reason eggs
But because there's so many parameters every every planetary system is unique and we can point to things in our solar system that are unusual
but
Unusual things happen all the time
I think one thing we have you know as we increase our knowledge as a species we learn how insignificant. We are
We're just learning that again planetary systems like ours are likely common
Maybe not maybe not the most common, but they're certainly not rare
Hi, I'm Karina, and thank you for your talk
You mentioned earlier that there's a focus on refining?
Algorithms to find planets that are the same size as Earth and I was wondering why the priority is on finding
Same size instead of like maybe the same energy or like why does size make a planet more inhabitable?
Why can't we inhabit bigger or smaller planets?
Yeah, so that the Kepler mission was focused on finding planets like ours so orbiting stars like ours
orbiting
Dis planets at distances like ours and sizes like ours the reason being is we have a sample of one
One planet with life, and we extrapolate from there
I think probably anybody if you explained that you've discovered one thing and you're going to extrapolate to the universe any
kind of statistical person will critique that method
Somewhat harshly, but that's all we have and that's what we do. We know life on our planet needs liquid water and
We we need
RoR solid surface we we don't have
Life that just at least not much life that floats around with no surface perhaps it exists
But it's probably hard to detect it wouldn't be complex life like we have
Probably so the reason being is because we know that we exist therefore we look for places that look like our own
It's probably not a very good strategy, but it's the least worst just right now
So please join me in thanking dr. Tom Barkley
You
-------------------------------------------
Terry Fong - Planetary Exploration Reinvented | Science Public Lecture | NASA Lecture - Duration: 56:06.
Welcome to the 2016 Nasa ames Summer Series?
Humans Are Evolutionary Successful
Species due To our inherent Drive To Explore and Migrate
This in Part is due To our Ability
To invent tools and adapt them
for the Purpose of Surviving new Environments
Today's Talk Entitled Planetary Exploration Reinvented will Be given by Dr.. Terry Fong
he Received a bachelor's in Science and Aeronautics and Astronautics from mit and
Then Followed With an Ms in Aeronautics and Astronautics also at mit
He then came to ames
from 1991 To 1994 and
Decided to Go and do A Phd
so he Went and Started A Phd and received A phd from
in Computer science From Carnegie Mellon University
During That Time he, also
Co-Founded A Company Fourth Planet
Producer of interactive Tools for Real-Time Information
Visualization
in
2004 he Came back to ames so all of you that are here for the first Time Maybe
We'll See most of You back Here?
He has Numerous Publications and Awards Please Join, Me in Welcoming Dr.. Terry Fong
Thanks very Much Jacob good Morning
It Still is Morning I think I'm Really glad to see so Many People Here
Quick Show of Hands How Many of You are here Just for the summer at least for now
Wow so that's Almost all of you that's great
That Means I can go ragging all the people who are here all the Time They Didn't come to see me
Although They were Encouraged to
Let's See as
Jessica Said There will Be some Questions at the end but
Because You get to grill me at the end I'm going to start Off by Grilling all of you to start with so
Quick Show of Hands How Many of you were Born After December 1972
Wow Almost all of You again Can Any of you tell me why December in 1972 and Specifically December 7 1972 Is important
Not yet
Well so stay tuned I'm not gonna answer that right away
But you know Just Keep it in mind next Question how Many of you Work in Planetary Exploration in our Space sciences?
so only A few so
Hopefully that Means A lot, of want to tell you will be new to you and you
Won't just go to sleep and then you know come Apologize Afterwards so Let me Tell you what i'm going to
Describe Today Is some of the Work we've Been Doing here at
Nasa ames for the past decade in my group the intelligent Robotics Group to try to come up with new tools new
Techniques New Ways of Doing Planetary Exploration A lot of what we Care about at
Nasa Across the board of Course is Learning more About the Universe Learning more About the solar System
Understanding you Know
Differences of The Moon Mars and other Places Compared to the Earth and Doing so Really helps us better understand how
We all Came to be here and to, also think about the future of how
We Can Perhaps expand Human Presence From Where we are Today to Where We Would like to be in the Future?
so Maybe
Well Start With Is trying to answer the Question I just Asked you about why December
1972 Is so important and the Reason Is that was the very last Time that Humans went Beyond Low-Earth Orbit
That was and Still Is today the state of The Art of Human Planetary Exploration
1972 December 1972 Is when Apollo 17 went to the Moon and in Particular
Image to me Really so sort of summarizes Where, we are Still more Than 44
Well Coming up on 44 Years Later in Terms of the State of the Art of Human Planet Exploration
This is a picture of Jack Schmitt
Astronaut Geologist on the Surface of the Moon With his car the Lunar Roving Vehicle
Doing Field Work With Handheld tools
Shovels
Sample Collection Bags
Walking Inside out of a pressure Suit on the Surface of the Moon and if You think about it you know that's Both Really
Exciting the fact that you know
We did get out Beyond Low-Earth Orbit that There was?
Exploration of the Surface of the Moon at the Same Time it's a little Sad if You think about it that was 44 Years ago
And A lot has changed since then which means that Part of the Question Is well can, We do things Differently Can?
We do things better or perhaps are There other Ways to think about Planetary Exploration
in Particular a Lot has evolved, over the past Forty some Years in Terms of our Ability to use tools
Especially Things like Orbiters You See in The Top Row There are There a number of Different
Satellite Systems That Have Been Back to the Moon
The Japanese The Indians
Nasa have sent Probes to Orbit the Moon Collect High-Resolution images and to use other Instruments to measure the Properties of the Lunar Surface
We've learned how to live and Work in Space the Space Station has Been Up there from for more Than a decade now?
Where People
Routinely Conduct Experiments that do Work Onboard Space Station They learn A lot about what it's like to live and Work in A really
Unnatural Environment for Humans
and of Course Nasa has Been very Fortunate
Over the past Few Decades to be able to send you know our
Robotic
Explorers far Beyond
Earth Orbit We've Sent Landers Such as Phoenix Tomorrow as we've used Mars Rovers to Explore the surface of the Third?
Sort of The Fourth Planet
And Over the past you know A few Years we've Been Doing a lot of Experimentation on Space Station With Robots like Robonaut 2 as
Well As here on Earth With a variety of Robots to Understand how Robots can be used Productively for
Planetary Exploration
But you Know if We look at where nasa Is headed, we're Trying to Embark upon a Journey to mars
We're Trying to go from Where
We are Today which is A lot of Work on the Earth Or in Earth Orbit to a future Where?
We do have humans you know on the Moon again at Mars in Mars Orbit on the?
Surface of Mars and Being able to Carry out These Missions
Requires Us to do A Lot of development a lot of Thinking of how, do We Really Make that possible These Missions as
We're Looking to go Further and Further away from Earth Are More Complex, They're Longer Duration They, Require New Technology that Require our new tools
A variety of Different things, We have to, worry About include robotics
Deep-Space Habitation Spacesuits
Communications for Paulson's Lots of Different Things that We today still don't quite have all the answers and so one of the Challenges
for all of you if you're interested is to try to Help nasa
Answer Some of The Questions of How
Do you create the tools and techniques the Methods that We need for doing future Exploration at least Future
Human Exploration of Deep Space
So what I'm going to talk to you about Today are Three of the things that we've Been Doing here at
Nasa ames in My group to Really Try, to
Expand and Try To reinvent in Some way the way That Planetary Exploration can be Conceived of can be performed
Three Parts so Three-Part Act Today The first one in Terms of Robots for Human Exploration how Can
We use Robots to Improve the way that humans live and Work in Space?
Number Two Is an Interesting Area Called neo Geography There's Been A real Revolution in the Past couple decades of how
We think About using Maps and images and?
Combining Maps and images Together so I'll talk a little bit About that and the third Is in Terms of Exploration Ground
Data System Which is a fancy way of Saying of how do you organize?
The Information that You're using to Plan and Carry out Exploration Missions
Through Software in Particular
Do you do that on a laptop is it on A tablet is it with a giant ground Control Team like we've Routinely Done Here
At nasa so we'll go to each of These in a little bit and Hopefully this will give you
Some you know Insight of Some of the Different ways to
Perhaps Explore in The Future so We start off With the Robots for Human Exploration
This is the Topic that's Been Near and Dear to my heart for Many Years Now and
The Reason That it's Really I think Interesting Is this whole Notion of how you combine Humans and Robots Into an effective Team
Nasa has Had A long History of using Robots for deep Space Exploration we've Had a long History
Although Some Of it is Quite historical now of using Humans to do Exploration in Space
But the Question Looking Forward Is how do you combine Humans and Robots Together are There effective Ways to create Teams
Robots That Can Complement and Supplement the Activities of Humans you know and how, do you do that so
One of the things that we've Been Doing here at ames is trying to look at
The the whole trade Space you know how, do you combine Humans and Robots in an effective Manner
And i'd like to point out to people that that Human-Robot Teaming Is not just what you might See in The Movies it's not Just
You know Luke Skywalker and R2D2 Just Being Closely you know Walking Hand in Hand Or Hand and Gripper or Whatever
But it's a Broader
Set of
Configurations it's the Idea that you Can Have Robots Working before
Humans Or Robots Working in Parallel or supporting Humans and of Course Robots Working Afterwards so the whole Notion of before in
Parallel or Supporting and After IS an Interesting twist
On the idea of Human Robot Teaming it's not Just about Hand in Hand it's really the, whole Idea of Looking at how
They Can be Complementary over A Broad Range of Space and Time
And not Going off to Lunch
Let me go back Up here
so
One of the things that
We did A few Years ago was Conduct an Experiment Called the Robotic recon Experiment This was an Experiment that
We ran to understand a little bit Better how Having Robots Working Ahead of Humans might Really Improve the overall
Productivity of The Exploration Make it more productive Make it more Effective
To do this you know, We set UP an Experiment Where
We we tested Exploration of an Unknown Area I'll get?
Into The Details in A minute here Both With and Without the Benefit of Having Robots Working in Advance and We try to
Use This Experiment to Better understand what are the requirements
The Kinds of Things That Are needed to Carry out This kind of Joint Human and Robot Activity in Terms of the
Instrumentation The Robots Have to Carry the Communications and Navigation the Planning how
Do We understand the Coordination between Robot Activity and Human Activity
All These Kinds of
Questions Are Things that We tried to look at
And if Any of you are Really interested in in the the Detailed results There's a nice Paper that my
Deputy Wrote Maria Bullets published Back in 2011
Happy To give you the reference Afterwards or you Can Look at it on YouTube so you try to scribble it Down right now
But to motivate this Let me Tell you a little bit about why?
Recon Or Scouting in General Is useful and to do that I'm going to tell you a little bit About
Apollo 17 as I mentioned Apollo 17 Happened in December 1972 it was the the last Apollo Mission and it was the only Mission?
Where One of the astronauts was a trained scientist jack Schmitt
Geologist By Training
Was kind of A last-Minute Replacement but he, was a member of the Crew?
Who Had Training a, background in Field Geology that Is he was used to going out and doing Field Work
Walking Around
Trying To
Understand Multiple
Hypotheses at the Time About the way that the environment was?
Constructed What are the Different geologic units how do They fit Together or Where do they come from and
One of the things that that jack did was he, was Part of A number of Sorties A number of Eevee Activities
On the surface of the Moon the second of Those Eevee A2?
Started Off From the Landing Site and They went out Along
You Follow the blue lines Towards the South Massif and Then they Worked Their Way back out on the Upper Part There to?
What was Termed Station Four iT's a location called Shorty crater you can see by the map here it's About 3/4 away Through
The Sortie About 75% of The Time Through and at That Location Jack Schmitt
Walking Around Trained Field geologists Discovered
Orange Soil
Actually Turns out to be This Pyroclastic Material
You Can See here There's This volcanic material in Orange it was Really exciting it was Perhaps the most exciting Discovery of Apollo 17
But Had Happened Three-Quarters of the Way Through This Traverse and as you Can Imagine they, were Running Short on Time They
Were Running Short on Oxygen They, Couldn't Stay There very Long
And so they Quickly grabbed some samples then They went back and you think about it perhaps the most important Scientific to govenor Paulo
17 and Didn't Really have a whole Lot of Time to Study it
So you think About how Could you you know perhaps do Better Than that and of Course the obvious answer as
Well We Had Known that Shorty Crater was an Important place Maybe?
We would have Gone There first or maybe Would have Sped up the Traverse so we Could Spend more Time There?
But the only way you can do that Is by Having
Better Information so you need to do Scouting you need to do Recon to Make that Determination
So for us it was an Interesting Question, okay so if We want to think about reimagining
Apollo 17 How
Do We do this and how Would you carry this out by using a robot that was a Background for this Experiment
We did Back in
2009
Where We went Through a sequence of Steps, we did A pre Recon sort of Planning Phase for this this Combination?
Robot Followed By Human Mission
The First Phase in Terms of Pre Recon Looked at using Satellite images, we, did some Planning with a, geologic map
We developed to try to lay out Where We Would want to do Scouting Ahead of Time Scouting Carried out by a planetary Rover?
In the Second Phase and what you see here is the K10 Planetary Rover
Under Control by a ground Control Team
Followed Up by
Some Secondary Planning With The for a human Mission and then Ultimately Carried out as a Simulated
Astronaut Mission This Is an Experiment that We Carried out Over the Course of A number of Months in 2009?
We did This at a place Called Black Point Lava flow
How Many of You Have ever Heard of Black Point Lava flow
Six A one Maybe two people Three People so black Point Lava Flow IS 65 Kilometers North of Flagstaff it's in Arizona
It's what we consider to be a planetary analog that it Is have some Characteristics that are similar
In This case to a Feature on the Moon Called the straight Wall it's A large Lava Flow of Fairly Old Lava Flows
Basaltic
Volcanic Rocks A lot of Different
Geologic Units that Is Different Areas That Have very Different Characteristics and We were Just Didn't studying This because it
Was A very large Structure 15 Kilometers wide east to west
About Five Kilometers North To South A large Area to cover if You're going to try to do Exploration
In the Style that, was Done During Apollo Which I said Is still the State of The Art Today for Human Exploration
Arizona Desert To Simulate A scouting Mission on the Moon the Robots Known as Kate in Black and Kate in Red Are
Using Their Onboard Cameras and 3D Laser Scanners to Take images and Map the Terrain, we're Looking at using A
Smaller Robot like Kate N to Explore the Area Ahead of Time to Make
The Astronauts Time More efficient on the Moon the Data is transmitted to Mission Managers at the ames Research Center
Where The Robots are Remotely Controlled?
Robotic Scouting Missions to the Moon will Provide Astronauts a lunar Roadmap that will Improve the Quality and Amount of science Data
Collected during Their Stay on the Lunar Surface
Information Gathered From the K10 will Be used to Plan a simulated Astronaut Mission to the Moon this August and that this Week at nasa
Or at least that was this Week at. Nasa Back in 2009
The Video Is interesting
In A couple Respects one is you saw a Planetary rover that
Was being Interactively Controlled by a science Operation Team they, were using a number of Instruments Onboard the Robot
Cameras 3D Scanning Lidar To Better Understand the Environment
But the Primary Purpose of Course was not moving the Robot from point A to point B
I mean that's A sort of a secondary Effect
Roboticists Or Operators Care About you know Making Sure The Robot is Safe
but the Primary Purpose
Was of Course to use a robot to Gather Information that's Necessary for Improving the Planning of what Comes next
Which is the Human Mission and so one of the key Questions was you know how
Should You Carry out That Mission and What sort of Data Should you collect
Scouting is a non-Trivial thing the goal Is not to go out There and Spend Every Possible Hour Doing a super Detailed
Comprehensive
Study of Environment Because you just Never Have the Time in fact you don't have the resources Either and so the Question is how Can
You be smart About going to Different Locations Together the most Important Information that will be
You know Useful for Planning what Comes next
One of things, We did of Course
We use the number of Different Instruments on that Robot as I said it Had laser Scanners as Cameras. We also happen to have A
Panoramic Image here Called Gigapan which, allowed Us to create very High-Resolution Panoramas and We collected A lot of Recon Data?
Eight-And-A-Half Gigabytes of Data Over 52 Hours of Remote Operations and you Can See here it, was Spread out over A
Fairly large Area We Had an Area to the west and blue There
in an Area to the the only Considerably the North Section and very A
Fairly Large Amount of Data Collected in The Center Here A lot of Data
This Data, was important Because it Really Helped complement some of the Data that
We start Out With As I told You Earlier We Began This whole Experiment by Starting off With Satellite Imagery The kind of Imagery?
We would get Today if We were to go back to the Moon or go to mars
This Is an Example of Orbital Data This Comes from a digital globe it
Was a quick Bird Image at the Time 60 Centimeters per Pixel you can, do Better Than that Today Those are Commercially Available
State-Of-The-Art
Orbital Image and if I tell you a little bit more About this image this is such as
Well Here's The Location and Here's the Time of day and you do a little bit of math based on where the sun
Was you Could Probably Look at this Area Highlighted in Red and Figure out?
Oh this Area Where you see some Dark Area This Kind of dark
Shadow is Actually A cast Shadow you Could infer that on the Bottom of the Image
That Section of the Ground is higher than what's inside the Box and so the Shadows Cast That's Falling Into That Area and so what
You're Really Looking at here Is not a area That has Different color Materials but rather is a Basin Where Something Is lower
That's The Kind of Thing that you Can you know glean from this Image and of Course That might Help you in Terms of Planning
for Navigation Because you know
Well I don't want to start on the Bottom Edge and Just drive Straight Cuz I'm Probably Fall off of a Cliff
But it doesn't Tell you more than that it doesn't tell you in Particular you know
Why are There some Differences in There and why
Is that Area Which kind of Looks a little bit Like I
Guess North America in White you know what Is that why Is it so white how
Is that Different from This very very Deep Black Area and if in Fact That black Area is Shadow what's in There
And so one of the Frustrations We have of using even This?
High-Resolution Satellite Imagery Is that it doesn't Give us enough Information to Really Plan Surface Activities well
Contrast This Kind of Data Which Comes from Satellites from from Orbit With This Kind of Data Which Is what we gathered With our Robot
This is Information Gathered With Imagers
We have for example This Top Panorama inside the exact Same Area at the Same Basin and Now you can See
Well yes it is a wall
So we Definitely do not want to drive Off of that
but more Interesting of Course is you Can zoom in and Take a look at you know from an Oblique Angle and Understand
Well in This case you know the wall looks like this
We could Look down Close to the ground and very High-Resolution because here of Course you Can Have?
High-Resolution Imaging on the Surface and Determine Whether or not it's important to go to this Area or or was Just a feature to Avoid
The Other of The interesting Thing of Course Is that if you do have these Sensors that are you know on the Surface you can
Have very Close-Up very Extremely High-Resolution Detailed Measurements That Are impossible to Acquire from Orbit This Is an example of of
A camera image that we also managed to?
Image With our 3D Scanning laser System Here very High Resolution a three Millimeter Depth Resolution
The Kind of Information That Makes it Really I think
Effective if You're Trying to Plan Whether or not you Should to go to an Area
Click Samples Or you know, Merely Take a look at it
you Know from a Distance
What We did After That Robotic Mission of Course is We We took a look at?
How, we could use it Information and Plan A follow-Up human Mission the Mission that We Carried out at that Time?
Was done With some of our Friends at
Nasa Johnson who Back in The 2009 Period Word of Developing A vehicle Called the Space Exploration vehicle This
Was meant to be I know the the fard?
Descendant of the Lunar Roving Vehicle That I start off With Talking About from Apollo 17 in this Case
Here it's A vehicle Where the idea
Is that you Keep the Spacesuits Outside of The vehicle you can See in The Bottom image There These Spacesuits They're mounted
Through A
Mechanism Would Call A suit Port and so the astronauts Would live Inside This Vehicle and a nice Shirtsleeve Clean
Environment When They need to go outside and do Field Work they, Would step, Into the Spacesuits and Detach and and be able to then
Work Outside The vehicle This helps you know Minimize The amount of
Dust and Other
Other Materials That you might bring in and Contaminate the the Clean Living Environment it also allows Us to be very
efficient of being able to
Quickly go in and out of a place Which is you know Comfortable for living to have to go Work on the Outside
Rather Than Go Through A very Long Process and Airlocks and all These kinds of Things
What We did during our Experiment was We Divided Up A?
Set of Astronauts Or at least Simulated Astronauts Here I shouldn't Say Similarly because Actually two
Of our our Test subjects Mike Bernhardt and Andy Thomas are in Fact Astronauts have Been on the Space Station
We combined Them Along With?
Brent Gary and Jake Bleacher who are Field geologist Practicing geologists That Work for nasa They Routinely go out and do Field Work
We had Them Carry out A number of Different Traverses to do Sampling do Field Work and?
What we did of Course is We took?
The Data From The Robotic Recon Mission that We Had Carried out Ahead of Time and We use that Information
And We gave them information only to one of the Crews and the other Crew, We said well?
We're Gonna Try to pretend like you're Just Apollo you only have the benefit of?
Satellite Imaging
Orbital Data and Then We'll see what are the effects of working With and Without surface Information
So here's A short Video just give you an Idea of what the Space Exploration vehicle Looks like large Six Wheeled Vehicle
You Can See here the the astronauts are now Into Their Simulated Spacesuits in There They're Going out to do Field Work
What was Interesting of Course? Is that you know our Focus was on?
Using Robots
We didn't Try to optimize the?
Use of Hand tools and so the tools that they use were very similar to what was used back During Apollo 17
This Idea of using Shovels and
Collection Bags To collect Samples
It's good and it's just some Time We move on Here
Some of the results that We got from from this Study Is that in The Area that the western Area
The Pre Recon Plan That was designed and Again This is based Purely on Satellite Information
Was designed to be very Apollo like that Is if You Think of what was Done During apollo?
They Tried to do A very Rapid Area Coverage because you only Had a single visit you had to try to maximize the Area Covered
Trying To visit you know as Many Different geologic units as possible Because you, don't have a chance to go back There
Well We found of Course is then Maybe this is all Common sense? Is that with the Benefit of?
Surface Recon Information our Plan was Significantly Different Because?
We decided that you know the things Which Look Radically Different from Orbit the things Which Appeared to be you know Incredibly
Important To go Look at this Unit versus Another Turns out well Actually They're very similar on the ground so we don't really need to?
That and as A result our pre Recon Plan and our Post Recon Plan are Significantly Different
so one of the Impacts of
Having Scout Information Is that We were able to you know Really Improve the Prioritization and the Targeting of the Work being Done by Humans
Seems you know, Fairly Self-Evident the more Information you have the Better but you know other Interesting results were that
Well Just Having Information Is not enough because part of the Question is how do you Coordinate
The Activities Done By humans versus Robots I mean if you're going to send a robot out for Scouting in Advance Where
Do You go how, do you carry out that that's Scouting and then how
Do you Take that Information and then pass it over to
The Humans do you Provide Humans for example with the Data that
Was collected by the Robots Because of Course The Robots Are Going to Locations that Maybe you're not going to send Humans Is that Helpful
Or not
It was a really Interesting Experiment Because it Really Started Opening our eyes This whole Notion of A coordination between Humans and Robots
Something that it was not Really, Evident to us as, was A key Driver but Turns out to be extremely Important
So that was a robotic Recon Experiment you know After We finished that one of Course, We were sitting Around Thinking?
Well what's A natural Follow-Up and Someone in my group Said, well you know We Should Just Write a proposal to do the Opposite?
We should go right A Robotic FolloW-Up Experiment and so we did?
and it's of Course a nice Thing to do if you're out There writing grants you know you do some Work and then your second
Grant you Just Take what you just did and you Flip it on its Head and yeah you can go get some more Funding to
do that
so, we did A Sex Pyramid called the Robotic Follow-Up Experiment and This
Was meant to Look at Solving the Problem that We have when, we're out doing Field Work and that We Never ever Have enough Time?
If You're in the Field
Oftentimes You you run out of Resources or you're your field Experiment Just run Short
and you get Back Home and you think
Well if I only Had more Time I could have done more Observations I've Collected more Samples I could have Done Additional Work
Now Now that I'm sitting at Home Sitting in my office Boy if I just gone to this Location
But you can't and so One Question was well what if you?
Combine Human Activity With Robots and You leave the Robots Behind so that after you get home you can
Actually use the Robots to Follow Up and do the things that you Would have liked to have done if You could have Stayed in
The Field Longer
Now of Course why is follow up useful?
I'll Show you this Slide and you Probably Recognize this Since I showed it A few Minutes ago
Except before it Said why is recon useful?
Paulla 17
Same Sort of Problem you know as you recall
Out here at Shorty Crater not enough Time to really collect all the samples You want not enough Time to do all the Detailed Fieldwork
Well what if you?
Had Left the Lunar Rover and Vehicle Behind but it was A
Self-Driving Car Today and it Could Carry out its Own Set of Activities
Well That's fine you know Humans Can Go home leave the Robots Behind and then you Could use Those Robots to do some Detailed
Systematic Work Afterwards
There's an Interesting Idea something Which I fully believe is likely to happen in The Future Because these Days When
We build Things?
They all have Software in Them Whether it's A?
It's a tool or a vehicle Or a robot it's very Likely in the Future that as Humans go to Planetary
Environments Whether that's the Moon or mars There leave things Behind and then Afterwards, we're Going to Operate them Robotically
So to try to understand what are the benefits of this, We went out to a Different analog site This
Was a place in the Canadian Arctic called hotend crater
Hotend Crater Is
About 74
Degrees North it's in The High Canadian Arctic and Here's a trivia bit of Trivia Knowledge for all of you
What's the largest uninhabited Island on Earth and the answer Is devon Island Which is where hotend crater is Located?
Anybody Asks you you know you know where Should you go to get away from everybody this is a great place for that
A devon Island Is an interesting place Because it's Snowbound Most of the Year There's About a six-Week Period in the Summer
Where the snow Is all gone at least on the Surface There is Permafrost A lot of Interesting of?
Subsurface Features That Persist Year-Round Because of the very Cold
Arid Climate and We went There Because A hot and Crater this is a picture I bet Here
In The far North Here Is an Analogue for one of the most interesting Places on the Moon Called Shackleton Crater
They're Both Polar Impact Structures About 20 Kilometres in Diameter
Hotend Crater Has Subsurface, Water ice Shackleton crater We believe in Many Places has Subsurface Water Ice as well?
They're Remote
Isolated difficult Access Interesting Location for Us to go try to do some Experimentation and
So what we did Back in 2009 Is we Carried out A crew Mission by first Having Humans go Explore very much an
Apollo Style They used This This Humvee as a Proxy for a future Vehicle and
They Carried Out A couple Different surveys one in Terms of Geologic mapping which is a a
Classical Way that Fuel geologists Go out to try to Document the history of an Area Trying to examine
The Structural Geometry The Major units of an Area and the Second was A geophysical survey using
Handheld Or These Hand Deployed Ground-Penetrating Radar to examine The 3D Subsurface Structure
Here Are Some example images These are Collected by Mark Helper, one of our Field geologists who?
We sent Up to hotend Crater he Collected These images With a handheld Camera and
Identified Afterwards Different Contacts Between Different Carbonates you can See a Variety of Different sediments and
Different views of the Haughton Impact Structure
Here Are Some examples of the the Ground-Penetrating radar, Data This, was Collected by Assam Peggy who at the Time Worked at Jpl and
Was able to identify as the the Presence of subsurface Ice wedges Locations Where the Ice and the Subsurface is Pushing Up in
Little Peaks Towards the Surface
Based on that, We then Sat Down and Said, well how can We follow up with this with a robot you know where Should?
We send Robots To do Additional Work Complimentary Work to what was done by our Humans and We?
Decided to create A number of Different Plans in These Various Sites
Some of These Are
Traverses Where You're Going from Point to Point to Point others Are Systematic surveys Where you might be Following A?
Raster Or A lawnmower Kind of Pattern to get Detailed Information about that site
And here's an Image or sort of a movie of one of our Rovers this is the T10 rover that
We sent to hotend Crater it Turns out it was the Same River that, was in Black Point Lava Flow in Arizona as?
Well but this Time We Added some Different Instrumentation on the Bottom of the Chassis There's A Ground-Penetrating Radar?
This was meant to complement the Work that was done With a handheld tool There's also an x rf Device on the back
There's a high
Resolution 3D Scanning Ladder on the Top this is A
Gigapan System that We're Using for Panoramic Imaging and We use These to?
Conduct The Follow-Up Work Now One of the interesting Things About This of Course is that
We were Trying to understand the Impact of using Robots so we Didn't want to just have the Robots
Replace Humans
We wanted to Try to Understand how the Robots Could Function in Ways That are Complementary so this Robot for example Is very Autonomous?
It's able to drive and Navigate From Point to Point by Itself all the
Steering of the Wheels you're Seeing here be done Fully Autonomously by the Robot it's Making its Own Decisions of how to Drive
Which Places to Avoid
you Know when to acquire images based on High-Level Guidance Provided by the Planning Team
Some of The results from this is that
We we found That using Robots and in Sort of A follow up Mode was very useful because you Could verify and amend?
the Data That
Was Collected by humans in Some Places you were able to go back and Can ferm some of the hypotheses that
The Human Team Had When they, were Carrying out That Work by themselves?
And in Particular in Terms of the geophysical survey, We were able to Correlate and very
Very High-Resolution Way
Surface and Subsurface Features Because the Robots were able to Acquire A lot more Detailed Information in A very Precise
Manner you Know Robots of Course Are very very, Easy to track, We use Positioning systems, we know Exactly Where They were?
But Harder to do that with with Humans
However, We we learned A number of interesting things one Is that it's Really Non-Trivial
Trying to Plan The Coordination between Human Activity and Robot Activity if You send Humans out and Tell them
Well Robots Going to come Along Afterwards it's Really Hard for those Humans to think
Well
Can the Robot Actually Come here or go to that Location
That's far away that I'd like to send it Because one of the Problems that We have as Humans?
Is it's difficult for us to understand in Detail what are the performance limits what are the Capabilities of Those Robots you know Can
We Make them go to the place Where We really want to?
That's an Important Thing Because of Course if you're Depending upon Somebody Else
Well There's A?
Human Teammate Or a Robot to Follow up after you you need to understand what Their
Capabilities Are and You have to Take them Into Consideration when you're Planning because otherwise you know
When you hand off A Plan and Say hey go do this you know at the end of the day
You're not going to get the results that you wanted so
One of the things that We learn from
This Work of Having Robots Working Before and After Is that is Really
Critically Important To Think About Human Robot Teaming and Thinking about what that means?
Coordination is Clearly Important Understanding the Capabilities of each Whether the human or the Robot is important
Understanding you know How do you transfer Information the way that humans Acquire Data With our senses and
Interpret that Is very very Different than the way that Robots do that
These are The kind of issues that I think are Critically Important if We really want to depend upon Robots
For Future Planetary Exploration When They're Working you know before Or in Support or after Human Teammates?
Any Case that, was Part One Talking About Robots for Human Exploration
I
Think When
We get to the end of This Talk of Any of you have Questions about that you know Please Keep in Mind this this whole?
Idea of Robots Before and Pair Alone After it's a really
Interesting Area and I think That's Fundamentally something that's Going to Help reinvent the way that humans Explore Planets
But Let me Switch Now and Talk about a different Set of tools Another way of Thinking of how Can, we?
Change the way that we're Doing Planetary Exploration and That's in Terms of a whole demand that's
Over the Past decade Been Called neo Geography or you know sort of Reinvention of the way that We think about the use of Maps?
How Many of you in the Past Say six Months, or so has has Relied upon a Digital map Google Maps or bing
Or what's on your Phone I think it's like every Single Person in This Room
Now what's Fascinating is if You go back and you ask you know like your Parents your
Grandparents That Same Question and the answer will Probably be, no, We Didn't do that or at best, We used a paper map
Some of you are Old Enough I'm going to Date Myself now
to know
What a triptych Is this is A thing that Came from the triple a people like a triple a what's the triple A
Well that's a whole Nother Question?
Or a topic of Discussion but The point Is that over the past decade we've Come to Rely Increasingly upon the use of Geographic Information
Systems That Are online that Are Real-Time that have a lot to do with Mapping
And so what's important for for Us here at
Nasa is to Understand how Can
We do the Same for Planetary Exploration I mean Here on Earth We Really have you know gleaned A lot of Benefits from?
The Existence of Gps and Satellite Data and Online and Maps how can, We do the Same for Planetary Exploration
Well Pry Doesn't Surprise you that over the past Few Decades Nasa and other Space Agencies Have Gotten Increasingly good at Acquiring
High-Resolution Data From Orbit you Know as I mentioned for the Moon we've Had A lot of Orbiters Acquire Information, over the past several Years
And the Question is then Based on that Information how Can you use that to Improve the way that you Carry out Scientific
Investigation How to use that to Improve the way that you Plan Future Exploration Missions Whether Those are Orbital Missions or ones on the Surface?
I
Think One of the Reasons why is it important Is that We have you know?
Found Ways of Acquiring More and More Planetary Data and at the Same Time it's not Just an exciting Thing it's, also a real Problem
Over the past Few Decades the Number of Images
The Moon and Mars has Grown at Greater Than Exponential rate
in Terms of The amount of Data we Acquire
We are Really great at getting that Information
What we're Not so great at Is being able to find Ways of Processing and using that Information Because
We have A lot of Data?
And it's not Just the Number of images acquired it has to do with the Size and Scale of These images
We have Really Really Big Images These Days?
Images from example From the Mars
Camera Called High Rise Which is Carried by the mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
20 K by 40 K images are Routine
These Are Huge Pieces of Data and if You think about it trying to Process These in A manual
Manner of the Way that we've Done for Many decades the way that's traditional in The Space science World
Which Is Human intensive Cartography is Really?
Really Limiting There's only so much that humans Can do no Matter how Many Humans you might Have
Because Really There aren't that Many Skilled Cartographers in The World to be able to Process this Data
And so the Question Is how Can you Make use of This in A faster way
Well One way of doing that Is doing Automated Stereo Processing
We can use Computer?
Systems To Take Pairs of images and We Can Reconstruct 3d Terrain by Processing These nasa
Has done This for a Long Time Although Traditionally With With Manual tools
We can now Apply computer Software to do the same sort of Thing?
Here in My group We've developed a map
Processing Pipeline That Takes Data From Lots of Different sources Runs it Through A Variety of Computer Vision algorithms that
We may run on Say The supercomputer Here and I'Ll put that in Different Ways?
We've created Lots of Models of Mars?
We've Worked with A number Different Imagers we've Done The Same Thing of the Moon and some of the Work we've done is Actually With?
Historic Data Where We've Taken Scans of?
The Original Apollo Films From the Apollo Panoramic and Metric Camera and Created These High-Resolution 3D Models
We've used up to create These high Resolution 3D Maps of the Moon for example
We've created a digital Elevation map A 3D Terrain Model of A large Mosaic of 4,000 images They've Been all Registered and adjusts it together
and then of Course you Can, Reconstruct This and Project us back out to the Moon
and the Reason why this is exciting
Is that Once You have this Data in Digital format is you can not only?
Process it but then you Can Visualize it in Ways That are Really Different
One of the great tools that it was created, over the past decade was a tool called
Google Earth I'm sure Most of you Have Probably played with it at. Some Point in your life
I'm not sure How Many Though are aware that Google Earth Actually has a mars Mode and a moon Mode
If You go back to your Desktop Computer or your Laptop and you launch it
After This Talk Click on the Toolbar There's a little Saturn Icon if you click on the Saturn Icon you Can Flip to these other
Modes and You Can find
Data That We created and Then Work With Google to push out to the the Broad public of Both Mars and the Moon
Earth to the Moon in Google Earth go to the top toolbar and select Moon
Now you'll be able to Explore the Moon and Moon related Content in the Left Panel Layers
With historical Charts You Can Explore actual Planning Charts of the Moon From the Apollo Missions
These High-Resolution Maps, were used for Astronaut Training and by Mission Control during the Lunar Missions
Clicking The Human Artifacts Layer Displays Those objects Humans Have Left on the Moon including 3D Models of Spacecraft in
the Left Panel You'll See links to the six Apollo Landing sites on the Moon
Double-Click Apollo 11 and Zoom in and See it in More Detail
Once you arrive you Can
Watch Video Clips of Neil Armstrong's first Steps on the Moon and Many other significant Mission Moments
view 3D Models of Mission Spacecraft Like The Apollo 11 Lunar Module Eagle and
Sea, Panoramic Imagery Taken by the astronauts Themselves of the Moon Surface
And Show you one of the other Interesting Things that's Embedded Within
Moon and Mars and Google Earth and that is guided tours so if you want to go and Explore the Moon
You don't have to just Look at it by Navigating Yourself but you Can
Actually Take A tour With
For example Jack Schmitt Jack Schmitt Apollo 17 Astronaut and geologist who on the Apollo 17 Mission in December of?
1972 Crew of Apollo 17, was an Aggregate of Two Backup Crews
Apollo 14 and 15 I replaced Joe Engle on that
and gene Cernan Would be the Commander and Ron evans
Was going to Continue as the Command Module Pilot gene Cernan got out of the Spacecraft furs and
I
Followed Him very Fairly Quickly Afterwards
We were in A valley Deeper than the Grand Canyon of the colorado the Mountains on either Side Were 2,100 Meters or about
7,000 feet high the sun, was as Brilliant as Any sun that you Can Imagine even More
Impressive was the
Earth Which was Hanging over one of the Mountains and Stayed at Hanging over that Mountain the South Massif and that was Really A?
Magnificent sight for Me and that's what I remember as being Sort of my first real Impressions of the Valley of Taurus-Littrow
So the interesting Thing of Course is the fact that
We have These tools Now that Allow Anyone not Just you Know A trained Planetary scientist not Just someone who Works at
Nasa or Another Space Agency but Anyone
You your Best friend your Grandmother to go Explore These These other Environments These These Different Planets
We've also done some Work not just With Google but With microsoft microsoft Had a another Piece of Software Called World wide Telescope
That We Worked to Help Ad Planetary Data to?
A couple Years Ago been Working With Chris kemp from nasa, We started Thinking how
We could bring Together The Features and the Functionality that We Had in World wide Telescope?
To some of the Planetary Datasets and We Really Wanted to Focus on a unique asset the high-Rise Imagery that mars Had and so
We started working and Collaborating to Figure out how, We could bring to the public and get It in Their Hands?
The High-Rise Imagery is One-Of-A-Kind Camera That's Onboard one of the Satellites That Goes Around Mars and Takes Really
HiGh-Resolution Images of The Planet Surface
We have complete Base Maps of Mars as, well as very High Resolution?
Data That are Actually higher
Resolution Than Most of the Satellite Data that is Publicly Available over Earth and so
We Can Actually See Mars in Better Detail in Some Areas Than, We can See Earth?
This Project Leverages
Several Teams Within Nasa and Then, also of Course Teams at microsoft and
Really it's Bringing Together Some of The Kind of Cutting-Edge Technologies in Both Institutions
To do Something which has not Been Possible before
People Can go for the Walk on Mars Now and Actually See the craters See the Cliffs and and get
Appreciation of the Scale in A way that they could never have Done before
Mars is A big Place by making this raw
Data it's Full High-Resolution Data Available Worldwide Telescope, we're Just Gonna Open all of that up to
Classrooms Across America Across The World and and Connect With the public in A way we've Never been, able to before
So if We Can Really put Projects like Worldwide Telescope in Datasets like the Mars High-Rise Dataset I think
We could inspire the next Generation of Americans like apollo?
Inspired This Generation of Americans to Really be Innovators the Thought leaders and Be leaders in the World
The interest of Time I'm going to skip Ahead and Just Take Us to the last but I want to tell you about Which Is
Exploration Ground Data System
You all know you've Probably Seen on TV that then when nasa operates Missions We typically Have large Control Rooms of very excited People?
Trying to Figure out how, do We Operate a Robot or a spacecraft how
Do We Work with Humans on the Space Station These are large Teams?
One of the key Questions Is how do you coordinate the Activity of Those Teams on the Ground
Supporting Those Things Which are not on the ground Things are in Space Things on our other Planets?
Traditionally We spent A lot of Time Creating One-off Systems that
Is will create A mission and will staff Up a whole Team and Build A very Expensive very large
Software System That's used Just for that single Mission and that's Been an effective Way for us because
We don't have that Many Missions I mean They're There Frankly a number of Missions out There that that Take A?
Decades Or Maybe a whole Career to put Together
But if You Think about it the World doesn't Operate that Way Anymore
Software Is Something that Changes very Rapidly
Whether it's on your Phone on your Desktop your laptop it's something Which is Distributed
We don't have large systems in our Offices in Fact most of Us May not even Use an Office
We may exist by working in Cafes and so the Question is how do we?
Try to Catch Up in Terms of the World of Software for the way that We Operate These Missions so here we've Been?
Been Trying to Figure out How to create a Web-Based systems to Help Plan
Monitor and
Ultimately Explore Whether, we're Using Robots or humans to Carry out Activities
and This of Course as I was Saying Just with the Robots before is the kind of Thing that could be Done before so in
A planning Phase during the Mission and when you're Carrying something out?
Human Or Robot and Afterwards the Idea that you can use the same sort of Software to support your Analysis
We've Been Looking at a number of Different?
Exploration Missions of These Future Mission Concepts Some of Those Involving Humans
In Say the Space Exploration Vehicle in The Center There some using Robots as You've Seen before with With the K10
Planetary Rovers and Other other Cases That we've Tested out Over the past several years Nasa Carries out
oh
I'm pretty much a yearly Basis A number of Different of These
Planetary Analog Field Campaigns, We tried to support These in Fact There's one That Just Wrapped up last Week That?
Was at the crater of the Moons in idaho where, We were Trying to Use our Software to support?
Exploration
The System We've Developed Here and my group is called the Exploration ground Data System and like all good nasa Projects has a nice Acronym
XGds Which is Only Meaningful to the Developers
But xgds is a system it's a web-Based System that allows us to combine
These Maps and Data like I just showed you in the Previous segment here in A way that allows People to Interactively Browse
Without A whole Lot of Training and People use that to Carry out These Exploration Missions
For Those of you who are the Geeks in The Room and Really
Don't know About the Details Underneath it it's a web-Based System it uses Jango and my Sequel
Pulls Together A lot of Different Kind of Data Interfaces Different user Interfaces Including Google Earth
Openstreetmap Web Browsers
and all kinds of Data if You're interested I can Point you to a couple of Papers about this
Or if You're Just in Coming to Work on this Come See me Afterwards and we Can Talk about that
But what, We use this tool for Is?
to have a nice Way to Quickly and Rapidly and Flexibly Support Different
People who Care About science Operations for Fuel Exploration Missions
We serve Maps We serve Data That We Use for Planning Purposes for Laying out Traverses?
We Can track in Real Time People and Human and People in Human People and Robots as There as they are Acquiring Data
We can represent the Data Products that Are Acquired Either real live raw. Data or the derived Products after Processing
We Can Show raster Plots so you Can Actually Look at?
Signals Over Time Information That's very Important if You're Trying to look at
Time Varying signals Or things Which are Really driven by where you are at a Certain moment
We can turn That Information Into Raster Maps and Show a Different?
Coloring of
Various Parameters of The Environment vary Characteristics Change over Spatial
Regions We can
Log Different Information and Real Time so this Is sort of like a Stenographer
Function Or you're Trying to Log Information and We Can cross link Those with Images and Geographic Data
and of Course then you Can Take all Information and Provide tools to help People Browse this Information These are Kinds of
Flexible tools that We all are used to today in our everyday life but Which we've Never Had before?
in Terms of Real-Time Mission Operations is Especially for Exploration Missions
We've done This Work and Never Drew Projects one of Those the Pavilion lake Research Project
Was an Interesting Project that's Led by Darlene Lim here at. Nasa ames Where They've used These One-Man submersibles to map out
Microbial Light Formations in A lake Loop North of Vancouver and Canada is Actually a Video of darlene
Having A fun day at Work where She's out to doing some Exploration in This One-Man Submersible
These Are Kind of images that are Collected by
The Pilots as They're Flying Around Underwater and Pavilion Lake Here and They're Making Real-Time Observations
Commentary That is Streamed up along With This High-Definition Video that we're Recording
and then Putting Into our Exploration ground Data System and in an effort to try to understand the the Formation of
These Really Interesting
Areas Within Fidelium Lake
We've used all the Information put it together Into These Different tools and That's Really Helped us Figure out how, we Can Better support?
Distributed Science Operations as we're Looking for Future Missions
The Kind of Thing that We Feel is important to be more Flexible more Extensible and Ultimately More
Reusable if We're Gonna Carry out Missions
That Are not Just One-Offs and Missions that are not Just you know
One Per Career but Missions That Happen Routinely Throughout the lives of the People Involved
I'm just going to wrap up right now Since I see every run a little bit Short
Of Time Here and Just Point out to you that I've Told you about Three Different Ways
Of Perhaps Reinventing Planetary Exploration the idea of using Robots With Human Explorers Robots That Work Before in Parallel or after
Very Important Interesting Challenges in Terms of how do you core Human and Robot Activity Secondly and the fact that Today
The World Relies Upon
Geography in Ways That we'd never Thought
Were going to be critical to our everyday lives but
Fundamentally Are Also Important I think for Planetary Exploration and Finally This Whole Notion that it's Important to think About how
We reinvent Software to Make it more Flexible more Distributed more WeB-Based?
Lighter weight to Really support the Way that
We Can Carry out Exploration tasks but in Essence all that's Really?
Just meant to be a starting Point for trying to reinvent the Way that
We explore outer Space?
It's something that Would Challenge all of you each and Every one of you to think about how Can
We take the tools Today and Make them better how Can, We create new tools and?
Go Further Than we've Ever gone Before but With that I'll wrap Up and
Turn it Back Over to Jacob
So, We have Time For A few Questions if You have a question please raise your Hand Wait for the Microphone and Ask One Question
Only Thank you
Hi There Thanks for the Amazing Talk
Can you actually Say any Kind of Difference Main Differences for
A
Combine Misha Robotic Human
Between The Moon and Mars
So i think that one of the things the nasa Cares About Today is is Understanding how, do we get to Mars
The Agency Is
Focused Really on This whole Journey to Mars and That Involves The development of tools and Systems that can be tested out on the Moon?
And used Ultimately on Mars and One of the Areas that the Agency Really Is Putting a lot of Effort Into right Now is Understanding
How do Robots
you know Support That
One of the things that, We do know is that
We are Going to need Robots to carry out A lot of Activities when humans aren't present Because
We can't Keep Humans in Space Indefinitely and Then Even When humans are Present and Something I didn't Talk About Today?
Is that We have to be able to use these Robots to Help support Humans a space Station for example right now
Exists Because not Only The People on board the Space Station but for the fact that
We have A very large Mission Control Team that's in Continuous tight Communications With the People on the Space Station?
Well Think of what happens if You Take Those People and You put Them far out at mars?
Perhaps 20 To 40 Minute Round-Trip Communication Delay and They're No longer Tightly Coupled
Well in Those Situations when you need to take Care of The vehicle Basic Housekeeping and Things like that
You're Going to need Robots to Help support you know the humans that are Trying to live and Work There I
Guess you Just
Kind of morgan From Florida Tech I guess you just sort of Talked a little bit About that but how
do you See Robots Working in the Future to like build Habitation for Humans and and how, do you See
Human and Robotic Teams Working Together From Like Long Distance
Environments Yeah that's a great Question I think that if We are going to send
To live in Some Place Whether that's on the Moon or Mars or other Destinations We have to find Ways of Building the Infrastructure and
Maintain it Even When They're not present
And in Particular part of that Is that, We can't Just Launch Every Single Thing that?
We need from Earth it's Incredibly difficult to to launch
Large Structures is Incredibly difficult to supply all the Information all the Infrastructure and all the consumables that you need to Continuously
You know, Keep Those things Running and so one of the things that, We have to do is Figure out how?
Do We use Robots for that are They Just to assemble things do They
Support Other Things Such as collecting Resources and Processing Those Resources
Ames for Example Is working on A developing a future Planetary Mission called resource Prospector Where we're Interested in Going to the Moon and
Looking and Characterizing the Presence of Hydrogen
In This in the Subsurface and if We Can Really Determine that yes This is a resource
We can mine and then Process, well now We don't need to bring Fuel Along from earth Or?
We don't need to to bring Water, we Can actually?
Mine it and use it on the on the Moon and of Course that's not something that
We would Rely on Humans to do We Carry that Up here Lee Robotically
Those Are The Kinds of Things I think are Really important as, we're Looking Towards the Future
Ok, so please Join, Me in Thanking Dr.. Fung for an excellent Seminar
you
-------------------------------------------
Resumption of South Korea-China public exchanges may signal improved bilateral relations - Duration: 1:53.
Our starting point this morning,... the warming relationship between South Korea and China.
It had looked as though there would be no turning back when Beijing began imposing highly
damaging economic retaliation measures over Seoul's missile defense upgrade decision.
But with the top nuclear envoys of the two sides set to hold talks in Beijing today,..
the door for more meetings and closer ties is now open.
Kim Hyo-sun reports.
South Korea's special representative for Korean Peninsula peace and security affairs, Lee
Do-hoon, will meet with his Chinese counterpart Kong Xuanyou in Beijing on Tuesday.
This will be their first face-to-face meeting since the two took office.
And early next month,... a delegation of six South Korean lawmakers led by Representative
Chung Dong-young of the liberal opposition People's Party,... will sit down with China's
former State Councilor Tang Jiaxuan to discuss measures to tackle North Korea's nuclear threats.
Moreover, former South Korean prime minister Lee Soo-sung and five sitting lawmakers are
scheduled to attend a seminar with Chinese diplomatic experts in Beijing on Friday.
The two neighbors also plan to resume police authorities exchanges, which have been halted
since July last year after Seoul's announcement of the deployment of the THAAD anti-missile
system.
Diplomatic sources in Beijing have interpreted the resumption of government-level exchanges
as a positive sign.
(CHINESE) "We hope South Korea-China relations return
to a peaceful and healthy trajectory as soon as possible."
With such a marked thawing of relations,... watchers note that such changes could be seen
as orders from the Chinese leadership.
Kim Hyo-sun, Arirang News.
-------------------------------------------
[Halloween Special] DANCING KPOP IN PUBLIC CHALLENGE #4 - Duration: 7:03.
For more infomation >> [Halloween Special] DANCING KPOP IN PUBLIC CHALLENGE #4 - Duration: 7:03. -------------------------------------------
First Lady Melania Trump wowed the public when she wearing a form fitting-little black dress - Duration: 2:22.
For more infomation >> First Lady Melania Trump wowed the public when she wearing a form fitting-little black dress - Duration: 2:22. -------------------------------------------
California Gas Tax Is Good For Public Transit, But Not For Drivers' Wallets - Duration: 2:53.
For more infomation >> California Gas Tax Is Good For Public Transit, But Not For Drivers' Wallets - Duration: 2:53. -------------------------------------------
Public speaking nightmares - blubbing - Duration: 1:15.
Its not a good look
when you stand up to give a speech
and you're over-emotional.
This isn't the Royal Shakespeare Company!
You might be giving your daughter away
You might be getting married
You might feel incredibly passionate about your subject at a conference
But you don't want to give-in to the emotions
and there's only one way to stop it happening on the night and that's ...
To rehearse properly!
Not mumbling the words to yourself when you're on the train
but to stand up and deliver the thing like you mean it.
get the tears out
get the emotion out when you're rehearsing it quietly and privately
and get to a stage where you know you're in control
then you get up and give your speech on the day
and the words will create great impact and emotion on everyone else
but you can stay calm, collected and in control
-------------------------------------------
New resources spur success at Samuel Terry Public School - Duration: 1:11.
At Samuel Terry Public School we have utilised our additional funding
which has achieved great success across the school.
We were given the target specifically for
our school to improve literacy and numeracy by 6% over three years,
so we've actually exceeded that goal in the first two years.
So we're really proud of that.
We employed an extra 11 SLSOs. (School Learning Support Officers).
Every one of those aides
has been trained in specific programs to assist with student learning in the classroom.
We bought 137 iPads for the school and
also 20 laptops and they are used throughout the school every single day.
We've started a program across the school where every child from
kindergarten through to Year 6 learns computer coding,
so they become controllers of technology
and not just passive users of technology.
We've also used that funding for again fun and engaging programs
such as our Creative Clubs afternoons
where teachers get to teach children something which is a passion of theirs.
Children being more engaged in class is what it's all about.
They want to come to school and
they're learning without even knowing it.
-------------------------------------------
The Secret Lives of Public Servants - Episode 1: The Radical Artist - Duration: 4:25.
The truth of the matter is,
(music)
My name is Marc Adornato. I moonlight as a contemporary social-political artist
in Ottawa. So basically I work for the public service.
Unfortunately I can't reveal a whole lot of information about what I do because
there's a conflict of interest policy that says that I can't really say who I
work for or where I work or what I really do at work.
(music)
Kind of came as a natural evolution to start making artwork about politics and
stuff that's happening in the world and then as the years I guess maybe because
I'm in Ottawa a lot of the jobs here are government-related or they're political-
related in some way, so it just kind of turned out to be that I got a job which
would then inform me about the politics, which is a kind of cool angle and then
I'd go home and make my artwork that's also politically-related
(music)
(saw cutting)
(electronic beeping)
So this piece is a piece I made out of junk called the electric communist detector
(electronic beeping, continued)
It essentially detects communists.
(electronic beeping, continued)
Basically the paintings I submitted to the RBC painting competition.
RBC's mascot, his name is Arby, actually, just found out that his job is being exported to India,
so he gives the finger to RBC
then proceeds to light up a Molotov cocktail and throw it at the bank which
he then burns down and you see here with the bank burning and then he is then
subsequently tasered by the RCMP to death.
I think it's important that even public service people public employees outside of work can can speak freely
about what they believe in and you know that kind of stuff
(music)
The reality is it's really tough to become financially independent off just
being an artist. So that's where, you know, the job that I have is paying the bills
and pays me to to be able to buy tools for my workshops and stuff like this.
"Gonna open the floor up for this piece with fifty dollars."
"Do we have fifty dollars?"
"We have fifty dollars, all the money going to the Ottawa Riverkeeper."
"We have fifty dollars right here? Do we have fifty-five?"
"Fifty-five, right there. Do we have sixty, sixty. We have sixty-five..."
I really actually enjoy enjoy both my job and I enjoy doing the art work. So I've really got kind of
lucky like that I can have fun doing both things.
Whoo!
(chuckles)
it's hard to figure out what people do sometimes, as public servants outside of work, because we do we live
very bizzare lives I think.
I mean everybody's I guess sometimes got a really strong passion that they're almost crazy about
and I would put myself in that category.
(music)
We go to work and we're like this family that all works together and we know our jobs and our titles and what we do there at work
and we kind of assume that that's it, that everyone goes home at the end of
the day and they're parents or guarding family members that are taken care of or
they're just chilling out, you know?
(music)
This should be like an interesting program. (chuckles)
-------------------------------------------
SCDOT holding a public information meeting on changes to Woodruff Road next week - Duration: 1:40.
For more infomation >> SCDOT holding a public information meeting on changes to Woodruff Road next week - Duration: 1:40. -------------------------------------------
Theater Of Public Policy Mixes Comedy, Politics - Duration: 3:21.
For more infomation >> Theater Of Public Policy Mixes Comedy, Politics - Duration: 3:21. -------------------------------------------
Birmingham city council to hold public hearing on Skyy Nightclub business license - Duration: 0:44.
For more infomation >> Birmingham city council to hold public hearing on Skyy Nightclub business license - Duration: 0:44. -------------------------------------------
Why do so many people love having sex in public places? - Duration: 13:53.
Why do so many people love having sex in public places?
I checked out the footage online.
(it was a slow news day, okay?).
and I felt almost nostalgic.
"Young love," I thought wistfully,.
as I made pancakes for the kids.
"They must really be into each other.
It's been a long time since I've had.
sex on a train platform.
A very long time, since I've never.
actually had sex on a train platform.
Still, I vividly recall the thrill of risky sex,.
sneaking a shag in when there's a good chance of being caught.
Most of us will, if only from our younger days.
Who didn't smuggle their boyfriend into their room and.
have a quickie before their parents got home?.
It feels subversive and exciting,.
with a shivery sense of triumph when you succeed.
Or, er, so I hear.
Yep, this is certainly taboo.
Source:Twitter .
Having sex in public places is a little more.
kinky than sneaky bedroom sex,.
but it's on the same continuum.
And, as sexologist Nikki Goldstein explains to me,.
sex in public is a fairly standard fantasy.
It is illegal, and so it is taboo,.
and we are all turned on by the idea of a taboo.
Even sharing the stories is fun.
How many brilliant conversations have.
begun with the titillating words,.
"what is the weirdest place you've ever had sex?.
" (For the record, my second weirdest.
was in a stair well during a party.
And no, you don't need to know the first.
Yep, these two were not shy.
Source:Twitter .
So what kind of person actually goes through.
with the fantasy and has sex in public?.
Well, according to Nikki,.
some public sexers are attention seekers,.
and others are just trying to be kinky.
Some have agoraphilia,.
and become aroused from having sex in public.
Most enjoy the risk of being caught.
, rather than actually being sprung mid coitus.
And then there are those who actually enjoy.
being watched having sex,.
which is when kink veers into exhibitionism.
I've never been an exhibitionist.
(except when it comes to karaoke),.
but my desire for privacy has increased.
exponentially since having kids.
It's difficult to get any private time at all,.
let alone have sex uninterrupted in my own house.
The risk of being caught is a complete mood killer.
; instead of fantasising about public sex,.
I fantasise about locked hotel rooms and.
a reliable babysitter for the kids.
So is parenthood the end to public-sex fantasies?.
Well, not necessarily, says Nikki Goldstein.
, who explains that getting sprung by.
one's children is very different.
to getting sprung by another adult.
"Getting caught having sex by your kids.
is very awkward.
Getting caught by a stranger,.
on the other hand, isn't the end of the world.
If you take a mum and dad who are always.
worried about getting caught by their kids and.
put them in a park to have sex, they will still feel excited.
Probably, I think.
Just perhaps not a play park.
We are all utterly sick of them.
-------------------------------------------
Brother Of Good Samaritan Murdered In Pembroke Park Asks For Public's Help Finding Killer - Duration: 2:06.
For more infomation >> Brother Of Good Samaritan Murdered In Pembroke Park Asks For Public's Help Finding Killer - Duration: 2:06. -------------------------------------------
Google v Apple: The tech war is ON after public SLAMS Google emoji but can YOU spot why? - Duration: 2:59.
Google v Apple: The tech war is ON after public SLAMS Google emoji but can YOU spot why?
has claimed it will 'drop everything' today to urgently address an issue that internet users have pointed out with the company's burger emoji. Internet users were incensed when they noticed a detail on the cheeseburger in the company's emoji.
The cheese in the Google version of the burger emoji is below the beef patty, whereas 's version features the cheese above the meat. The drama started when writer Thomas Baekdal tweeted: "I think we need to have a discussion about how Googles burger emoji is placing the cheese underneath the burger, while Apple puts it on top.".
The tweet now has 16,467 retweets and 34,674 likes. Other Twitter users piled in to discuss the issue.
One wrote: "Can some top chef give a definitive answer on how to rearrange the toppings, if limit ingredients to: bun, tomato, lettuce, cheese, burger?" Another added: "OMG. Microsoft got it right! But Samsung puts the cheese on top of lettuce???".
Thomas tweeted an image of the analytics for his tweet, showing that over four million people saw his burger emoji complaint. Now Google have sprung into action to claim they will immediately to redress the issue.
The CEO Sundar Pichai said: "Will drop everything else we are doing and address on Monday:) if folks can agree on the correct way to do this!" Where do you think is the correct place to put cheese in a burger?.
A if you are hoping to buy the new iPhone X. This groundbreaking new smartphone is the biggest update Apple has released in years and its sure to be a hugely popular device.
In fact, the iPhone X has already sold out online with fans now facing a 5-6 week wait to get their hands on one.
Apple has confirmed there will be a limited amount of stock available in stores on Friday morning with anyone wanting to be the first to own one advised to get in line early to avoid disappointment.
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