News on Youtube Oct 31 2017

Let's start with the warming relationship between South Korea and China.

It had looked as though there would be no turning back when Beijing began imposing highly

damaging economic retaliation measures over Seoul's missile defense upgrade decision.

But with the top nuclear envoys of the two sides set to hold talks in Beijing today,..

the door for more meetings and closer ties is now open.

Kim Hyo-sun reports.

South Korea's special representative for Korean Peninsula peace and security affairs, Lee

Do-hoon, will meet with his Chinese counterpart Kong Xuanyou in Beijing on Tuesday.

This will be their first face-to-face meeting since the two took office.

And early next month,... a delegation of six South Korean lawmakers led by Representative

Chung Dong-young of the liberal opposition People's Party,... will sit down with China's

former State Councilor Tang Jiaxuan to discuss measures to tackle North Korea's nuclear threats.

Moreover, former South Korean prime minister Lee Soo-sung and five sitting lawmakers are

scheduled to attend a seminar with Chinese diplomatic experts in Beijing on Friday.

The two neighbors also plan to resume police authorities exchanges, which have been halted

since July last year after Seoul's announcement of the deployment of the THAAD anti-missile

system.

Diplomatic sources in Beijing have interpreted the resumption of government-level exchanges

as a positive sign.

(CHINESE) "We hope South Korea-China relations return

to a peaceful and healthy trajectory as soon as possible."

With such a marked thawing of relations,... watchers note that such changes could be seen

as orders from the Chinese leadership.

Kim Hyo-sun, Arirang News.

For more infomation >> Resumption of South Korea-China public exchanges may signal improved bilateral relations - Duration: 1:51.

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Thomas Barclay - Microlensing and the K2 Experiment | Science Public Lecture | NASA Lecture - Duration: 53:14.

Welcome to the 2016 NASA Ames summer series

Biology is a magnification of the physical laws and structures that it is made of

Planets until recently have been thought to be unique, but the Kepler mission has demonstrated

that they are ubiquitous part of the physical universe and just

a reflection of the physical universe

K2

Has taken the Kepler satellite that's lost its ability to maintain

its

Long-duration pointing stability and created a new mission that observes the fields along the ecliptic Elaine

What discoveries await?

Today's presentation entitled micro lensing and the k2 experiment will be given by dr. Thomas Barkley

Dr. Barkley is the director of the Kepler k2 guest observer office?

where he is in part as

part of the duties responsible for performing Kepler and k2

driven investigations

He received a Bachelors of Science and physics from the University of Leeds

Followed by a Masters of Science in astronomy and radio astronomy from the University of Manchester

he then went on to

receive a PhD in astrophysics from the

University College London

Several notable discoveries that dr. Barkley, led

Include the detection of the smallest known exoplanet

and characterization of the first super Earths sized planet

Orbiting close to its star's habitable zone

Please join me in welcoming dr. Barkley

Good morning everyone and thanks for coming and hopefully you're all well and rest rested from the three-day weekend

So you'll be awake for the entire presentation which is going to be a really great thing

I'm going to talk about k2 the k2 mission, but I'm going to start actually by talking about the Kepler mission

We use the Kepler spacecraft for k2 and the Kepler mission. I think was one of the most important missions

We as an agency have ever done

It's can truly say that it's redefined where we see ourselves in the universe

What is our place? Where do we come from? Where are we going?

it's it's it's telling us about ourselves, and I think that's really really wonderful and fantastic and and and

changes our paradigm

So the Kepler missions goal was to determine the fraction of habitable zone planets

That are earth sized in our galaxy

And I think the mission has really done this and it's told us that there are planets everywhere and that

Once again, we learned that we're not especially unique or special out there at least in terms of where we live so

Just a brief mention of how we find planets

What we do is. We look at stars planets pass across the face of a star

You're still going yes sure like this

This is even better planets pass across the face of a star and when they pass across

They block a little bit of the star's light and that dimming we detect we call it a transit

We named this transit after things that happen in our own solar system. This is our own solar system

This is the Sun and this is Venus passing in front of it

Fortunately, I got to see two transits of Venus if you didn't see one you're gonna

Hope that you live well eat well and live for another 100 or 200 years because then it occur very often

Certainly not again in my lifetime

But this is the transit Venus. You can see some really wonderful things like this

Do you see this jittering on the surface of the star of the Sun here? This isn't just the projector?

Putting noise in there. This is actually what's going on on the surface of our star. This is granulation

This is motion convective motion coming up one of the amazing things about our spacecraft

And and what it does and how sensitive is it is is that this?

granulation noise

And surface noise and convective features is actually what limits our ability to find planets

Across among many of our stars is it's the stars themselves are too noisy, and they they they limit our detecting ability

I think that's really wonderful

But you see see some nice things there about finding planets you see the limb of the stars

Darker than the center of the star. This is what we call limb darkening. We see this in our Kepler data

You even see a little bit of the atmosphere of Venus

and I think the next 20 or 30 years of our our agency's exoplanet hunting and search will be to try and

Model the atmospheres of other planets not just ones in our own solar system

So why is it so difficult?

Why didn't we find lots and lots of planets until we had a mission in space to detect them

Well, this is what a Jupiter would look like

transiting

The Sun you see it's pretty big, it's about

1/10 the radius of the star therefore blocks about about 1% of the area

It's fairly easy to detect we call it a 1% transit a 1% dip

We see these from the ground these were amongst the first planets trying to found now. Let's look what earth would look like

Do you see this tiny dot up here here? It is? That's what earth is look like

the amount of light blocked by earth is

About 100 parts per million now to put that another way just imagine

you know there's a million photons coming from this star just a hundred are blocked by this planet and

Yet, we can detect these things in fact. We can just take many of these things

But we needed to build a special instrument, and so I hashed up a little short movie here

Showing some of the heroes of this story, you know we scientist gets to talk a lot about the results

but it's the

engineers and their ingenuity that time and again has enabled us to both build a wonderful instrument and then

Keep the mission going and keep it operating

Throughout this talk. I think everything we've done is depended on the ingenuity and the resourcefulness

and and the the childlike excitement of brilliant engineers

So I wish me to go back to the start

And I'll just show you some of the components of the spacecraft. This is our mirror

It's a one point four meter mirror. It goes at the bottom of the spacecraft

This is our camera up there

So you'll see some images that look like this camera that they they have the same shape this is actually a movie

But they're moving very slowly

But that's the solar the solar panel and later on the solar panel is going to become very

Important for for what I'm going to tell you this is just the the thing arriving at the Kennedy Space Center

for for launch

whilst the end packets

And here they are just just putting everything together and again you see you see this this spacecraft you see the the solar panel here

Which which became very important so the spirit of the mission launched in?

2009 in March and since then has been been operating firstly as a Kepler mission, and now is the k2 mission

As aboard a Delta 2 for those of you interested

One important thing to know about the spacecraft and for the microlensing component. This is absolutely essential is that Kepler doesn't orbit the Earth?

Kepler orbits the Sun and trails the earth in and what we call an earth trailing orbit

actually as time goes on Kepler gets further and further away from Earth a

Communication bandwidth goes decreases as a function of time

and

Eventually it'll drift and drift and drift until it goes behind the Sun

This is the were the main Kepler mission which lasted until 2013

we looked at a single patch of sky the entire time a reach of the sky in the

constellations of Lyra and

and and

The Cygnus that's the constellation that was escaping me and and you see here

This is the picture of the camera that camera that I was showing you earlier on board. It's about a hundred megapixels or so

It has 84 C CDs

Arranged in this pattern and so when you see big images of ours the reason they look like they do is because that's what our

Camera looks like and the bottom left here is actually an image of some of our data

People don't often show real Kepler data. They show lots the results

They show lots of artistic images, but they don't often show the data

And there's a very good reason for that our data. Doesn't look like Hubble data Hubble data

Essentially you need to take it you put it up as an image, and it looks beautiful

And then people work to make it look even more beautiful

But but the beauty's intrinsic to the image the beauty isn't intrinsic to our images our images look like fuzzy blobs

They're they're they're somewhat large blobs. These are the stars and this is where the magic happens

but simply all we do is we take a

Essentially a photograph every 30 minutes continuously we did that for four years

Of the same different regions of these weather stars are these fuzzy blobs so you have a nice time series of

Images just like this one

But what can they tell us?

This is actually how we find planets and they don't there's so much information in this time series

I showed a little bit at the movie of what a transit would look like

but remember

Stars here are just this blogs with we see them actually that they're what we call point sources and that we don't resolve the stars

We can't tell the the brightness across the surface of a star just from the image

They're just a single point of light that then gets a dispersed of it

So you can't physically see a planet passing through the middle of this you just see the integrated light of the the point source

Decreasing and that's what you're seeing here

This is actually some some real data is actually some early data, but I think it it shows nicely of

What a planet looks like you see this this random scatter this this kind of small level scatter across the data

That's the noise from the surface of a star in addition to some of the noise from our instrument you see regular dips

On top of this noise or dips down the size of these dips

Tells us that there's a planet there

there's a planet crossing across the surface of a star and the depth of the dips tells us about the

ratio of the size of the star to the size of the planet

It's actually the ratio of the area it tells us how much what percentage of the area of the star we're blocking

So if we block

If we know how big the star is and we know what percentage of light the stars?

Is being blocked we know how big the planet is it's just simple as that?

The other thing we can tell is by how frequent the dips are

We can tell how fast the star the planet goes around the star is orbital period earth that would have one transit every

365 days

That's all it is

By knowing how fast of platon that goes around the star and knowing how big the star is we know how far the planet is

away from the star we can start to understand how much energy the planets receiving from its star and then

Imaginations go wild thinking about what kind of biology could be on the star

And there actually lots of experts who know we're not a lot more than we do and really

Telling this from from being what in my mind is amazing science fiction into science fact and wonderful in-depth real new

Understanding about where we where we come from

So this is what I was saying turning pixels into planets we start off with this fuzzy blob. This is one star here

We measure it continuously for several years, and we get up the thing in the center

This is showing that dip here. This is the transit

this transits

just less than

It's like one part in

Was it one part in 10 to the 4 or so or 10 to the 10 to the 4?

That shows us that was the first rocky planet we ever found this planet was

About 50% larger than the earth, it's a the first terrestrial planet. We knew of outside of our own system and

Then there's the artistic image in the bottom right because we like artistic images

So the this this

Really tells the story of what the Kepler mission

Did and why why I think when I when I use a lot of?

superlatives to describe

The impact of this mission, I don't think I'm overstating things

This is our understanding in 2009 of what the planets outside our own solar system did

so the first planet was found in 1995 that was 51 peg first planet outside our own solar system and

then since then they've been a

Though there was a number of discoveries most of them very large planets most of them things jupiter-sized

so this is a graph here the the y-axis the up the vertical axis shows the size of a planet and

The relative to earth where Earth at one Jupiter's at 11 Neptune's about four and the orbital period of the planet so it's planets year

You can see there's lots of giant planets there were some hot giant planets in pink

These are ones found by the transit method the method that we use with Kepler

And then there are a few smaller ones found but nothing nothing really that was was definitely earth

Looking looking like Earth there was really a dearth of planets around Neptune sized so

Before we launched Kepler. We didn't know if earths were rare or common

We didn't know if Neptune's were rare or common on most planets Jupiter sized

You know the most things we found was Jupiter sized, but that's because that's all we could find

And this is what happened over the next four years

BAM there's about 4600 planet candidates in here of which so far. We know

2,300 of those are real confirmed exoplanets

So this has gone from knowing of

tens of planets Jupiter size to knowing that there are thousands of planets out there and

Most of them interestingly aren't aren't like the earth era they're not like Neptune either

They're in this middle range between Earth and Neptune what we call super Earths

Super Earths are wonderful and fantastic because we don't have any of them in our own solar system

So we we really don't understand very much about them

You know if we find something

Sighs we can make a good guess that it's maybe like Venus or maybe like earth we find something Jupiter sighs well

Maybe it's like Jupiter. We find something super earth-sized. We really don't know

So it's an exciting time trying to learn what these are made of and and and why they stopped coming

But you can see there's no planets out here

so this is 2013 and

Since then when the mission stopped and since then we've been working extremely hard to develop our algorithms and software to improve our detection

methods and methodologies and

Signal to noise so we can find these we can dig in the noise and find these new the planets out here

Which is where we were really hoping to find find exoplanets because at least as far as we we can understand planets

Like like ours have liquid water, and they are the size of ours

So we're trying to find things in that regime that a temperate enough to have liquid water perhaps

and so this is the latest as of

the latest planet candidate come out in 2015

There are very little updates since then, but there'll be another update later this year

And you can see that finally we're starting to find small numbers of planets out at this earth, Earth region

That means we're sensitive to earth sized things and we're finding earth sized things orbital periods of one year

This is places like where we live

Perhaps and the next mission is going to try and understand them do they have atmospheres

What do they like to they have water? This is the future this is for the interns in the room?

This is this is the jet your generation is to

Help us learn and help us understand or even just to exist at the time when we're finding

atmospheres on other planets

Okay, so as I mentioned one of the before Kepler launched we knew of

Just Jupiter sized things so are they common the answer's no

Jupiter's are extremely rare if you look at what we find we find very few jupiter-sized planets

Other detection methods are finding the same thing Jupiter isn't a common thing in fact if we if you found another

Earth-sized planet in the habitable zone it probably doesn't have a Jupiter companion

The most common things we're finding a sort of Neptune super-earths and neptune-like

Things when you correct for our

detection sensitivity you find that probably the most common planets out there are things that are earth sized I

Just wanted to touch upon some of the individual discoveries a lot of them led by people who work within NASA Ames

along with some wonderful external scientists

Who've been involved with our team this includes things that are the first earth-sized planet?

The first capital 20 to be the first planet inside of its habitable zone

And then as we move along the first earth-sized planet inside. It's habitable zone

This is kepler 186f in the first so a super earth sized thing

Orbiting within the habitable zone none of these are quite earth-like yet, so these are this the most exciting

Planets we've discovered so far, but I think we're moving towards every step. We make things that remind us of Earth

And

If you think of we found these thousands of planets we must be looking at a lot of a lot of the sky

Actually, no. We look at at one tiny area

This is this region just shows you the tiny span where we're finding planets with Kepler in fact

It's even smaller than this because we can only find planets that cross in front of their star

But of course the vast majority of planets don't cross in front of their star. They're the ecliptic plane is an angle towards us

therefore we don't find them we only detect a few percent or less than a percent of of

Planets around their stars so while we found thousands of galaxies huge, and we detect very few so there really are truly planets everywhere

So cap was

Unfortunately the the Kepler mission came to an end after four years in 2013

In 2012 we had a good inkling that the that our time

operating the Kepler mission was was going to come to an end we lost a

Reaction wheel so on the spacecraft we launched we have four reaction wheels you can actually see them here these are wheels

These things are now

We're not actually pointing to the wheel those are wheels

these actually

this is how we point the spacecraft you have wheels you have them orthogonal to each other and you spin them and

By spinning in the right way

You can turn the spacecraft or you can hold it pointing steady the solar wind is constantly blowing towards us

And it's trying to return the spacecraft and so we need to counteract that by spinning wheels it's very simple. It's nicely

just just using angular momentum to keep us pointing unfortunately losing one is okay, because you still have three axes and

Dement three dimensions, and you still have three wheels losing two is not good and in 2013 we lost the second of these

so that

meant that we have two axes and three spatial dimensions and

And many people thought that that was that was the mission over, but here are some some nice headlines. I found

kepler planet hunting suffers major failure says NASA

That was it perhaps that was it perhaps that was the end of the mission

Rest in peace care for

NASA gives up hope of fixing it

One thing you should learn about engineers is I I think they they never give up even if they're told there they have to give

Up they're gonna keep keep digging away

And and I think talking to some of the engineers at Ball Aerospace?

And here at here at Ames

Who are involved in this the time when kepler broken things look pretty dire? I think they they had the most fun

They've ever had in their entire lives nasa nasa missions are fairly

Restricted you know you you don't want to go out straw outside the lines because your spacecraft's operating its operating well

And you don't want to break anything, and it's very easy to break things in space

But suddenly you had something that was broken, and you couldn't make it more broken

It didn't work, so you're allowed to do anything you win reason anything you like to try and get

Fixing all wacky ideas were entertained

About what we could do with a spacecraft?

And you've got to play doing all these things that at graduate school and undergraduate you got to you learnt about

Or as a writing

So this was the this is the next report that came out all is not lost

Suddenly someone had an idea of how how we can keep going and Hubble spacecraft down the hunt for a new mission

So this was great. What was this new mission this new mission was the k2 mission

Many people are saying why is it called k2?

Why is it not Kepler - well as a matter that was well as its named after the mountain?

k2 not not Kepler Wow Everest may be the highest mountain a

Higher proportion of people died climbing k2, so I thought this was a appropriate metaphor for our for our mission an extremely challenging

thing that

to

Do and to to to try and try and keep operating, so how does this new Kepler mission work so you have three axes I?

Brought a model I have a prop so you have three axes and

If you think you point it like this and your solar pressure goes like this you're gonna roll

Like this and tumble and you might be able to hold two dimensions

But you're still gonna start to roll and you're gonna start to tumble

So what we need what the engineers realize is we need to find a way to

balance the spacecraft to hold the spacecraft in fine pointing Wow

With the two reaction wheels and then balance it against the solar pressure

Then once you come up with that idea the answer is fairly simple

The solar pressure comes at you like this so you need to point like this at the Sun

You can hold the pitch in your steady you guys are the Sun in this image

Pitching your steady. That's this way and then all its uncontrolled is this roll vector

So if you point your solar panels the thing I told you would be important at the Sun so that they're finely balanced so the

spacecraft looks symmetrical and the normal to the Sun you minimize roll

And you can balance your spacecraft you can point precisely right over here, and you can operate your mission again

So this Ridge this is what we call the balance point

And this is this is just another image showing you

This way down the bore sight of the spacecraft

And you can see what we need to do is we need to find

Finer ways of the soul of son coming from here is just balanced and so we spent several months commissioning the spacecraft

Essentially learning what the spacecraft looked like in the normal to the Sun?

so our commissioning involves us pointing at the start pointing a field of the sky and seeing how much we

reroll, and then changing that angle of it and seeing how much we roll until we learn where the balance of the spacecraft was and

Amazingly, we could we were able to do this

We're able to learn the shape of the spacecraft in in the in space and point the spacecraft precisely

Using wheels and by balancing it now. It's not a fire finally precise

balance it's an unstable equilibrium

Eventually you're going to roll one way or the other

So the way we control for that is that if we point it. We start to roll if you roll too far

We fire a thruster which puts us back and the thrusters

Our thrusters are on here it puts us back to where we were and so you have this continual motion of pointing roll

Reset roll reset, and we do that about every 6 6 to 12 hours

So this is the nice headline, I thought this was well described exactly what we're doing there that that description kepler

kepler resurrects planet-hunting NASA resurrects counts on attending Kepler with broken parts with magical Sun

So I think that's I thought that was very nice

So yeah magical Sun

Because of what we're doing this actually limits us

But also create created our mission and created what we're doing our

Limitations though that we could only look for us at a part of the sky for about 80 days

the reason being if you think of the again, you're the Sun and you're going around the Sun like

Around the Sun like this looking backwards

you can look at somewhere over here and

You your limit is you can't go too far around?

Are you gonna start getting light down the barrel the spacecraft which is terrible? You don't want something like down there and then

That's around here. You don't and then the other side. You can't get too far around

This way as you over at the Sun because you don't want you want to get the solar panel

I keep having lights

So that limits us to observations of in one way about 30 degrees in there the way about 50 degrees so about 80 degrees

Because we our orbital period is roughly

360 degrees that's about one degree a day so it gives us an 80-day campaign

This is what this is showing this is us going around the Sun this way we pointed a field over here

We move around we keep pointing and then we point up to 190 degrees away

And this is an 80 days of motion we point backwards so we don't get bugs on the mirror when we move

It's actually so we don't get earth in the field of view if you point forwards you

You would get earth in the field of view very naturally if I would have to pass through the field of view Earth's

extremely bright and

When we were commissioning this we weren't sure

What would happen if something that bright fell onto our focal plane?

And so we decided well given the balance between putting forwards and backwards. It's fairly even less point backwards

We since learnt that it's actually fine. If gets into our field of view. It doesn't cause any long-term damage or anything

But that was just the way we built the mission

So what happens then is you get a lot of fields observed along this ecliptic plane the plane that our spacecraft

Our spacecraft

Looks out on the plane that the Earth and Sun are in and so this is that this is nice you all know the constellations

The ecliptic plane or probably most of you because there's a dial constellations

So the first two years of our mission was shown in in in

Brown, it's probably brown Brown here, and and the next two years are shown in green

So these next two years have just been funded so we know we're gonna go be at least a four-year mission

I'm going to talk a little bit

Soon about the the yellow arrow here. This is campaign 9. This is our microlensing campaign

We did a dedicated campaign to microlending and you're gonna hear some of that later

I

Might give you a talk of someone else will give you a talk in two years telling you about the the next arrow the supernova

Focus campaign a a single experiment dedicating to understanding supernovae and the the early rise are when a supernova happens

But that's that's going to happen sometime next year

K2 isn't just Kepler, but worse that's the important thing

It's a very different mission, and we knew we couldn't survive being Kepler, but worse Kepler Kepler changed everything

But Kepler took all this data, and we're using it to understand

Around us, but I think

Kepler's done. I mean we've got the data. We needed to learn a lot about our universe

We don't want to collect that data again and learn the same things we want to do something new

So k2 enables us to do that we can do things

We couldn't do with Kepler because of the way the spacecraft operates here are just some some examples

Of things that we didn't do with Kepler this is

M35 this is a cluster of stars

Clusters of stars are fantastic laboratories to study astrophysics all the stars formed at the same time or roughly the same time

Therefore they probably all have the same composition so you have stars the same composition same age

Why do they differ and their differences should tell you something about what them?

How old they are how massive they are how?

What their radius is what the evolution his eerie history is our binary is more common a binary is less common

What are planets like in clusters so so you can learn about how things form as as?

Universe goes on by looking at different clusters at different ages Kepler didn't look at many clusters

We can look at lots because we look along the ecliptic

Ecliptic is full of clusters. We look at Kepler looked at one field

We're gonna look at 18 fields so we get 18 amount of the x amount of area that Kepler saw

This this is star forming regions Kepler intentionally didn't look at star forming regions

Why is that because star forming regions are full of dust and dust absorbs optical light, and if you absorb optical light?

You don't see as many stars. You don't find as many planets and you can't find earth-like things

With caplet with k2, that's not a limitation anymore. We look at a single field for 80 days if it's got lots of dust

we'll just look at somewhere with less dust in three months and

Now we can start to study these youngest stars

We can study how stars form we can study how planets form we can study

When planets form do planets form right away at the same time the star they take a few million years after the star

Do they form close to the star do they form far out from the star these are questions k2 can answer that?

Kepler wasn't able to answer these a new new science. We're learning and something

I'll show you a little bit of a movie of this is a a comet here

The ecliptic plane as we learn very quickly when we started getting our commissioning data is full of

Moving objects because it looks at where our own solar system is our solar system forms in a disk and so kept k2 is looking

Into this disk and so we see thousands and thousands of asteroids and we see planets

But plants closer to home than what we're used to

There's a little bit about focus, but this is a cover image from our proposal we put in

But this is showing you all the constellations along our ecliptic and things that either we have observed or will observe in those

constellations, and you can see this huge variety from from

galaxies to planets to

To clusters to planetary nebulae all different science in all different fields

Were depending where you look you find different things you have different science

So I think I think

K2 is really far exceeded our expectations of the the breadth of science. It's doing it's it's it's really

changed from this somewhat narrow mission of Kepler into this extremely broad mission of a general astrophysics Observatory in

Addition to astrophysics we also do some planetary science work planetary sciences is looking at things in our own solar system

Here is

Just a quick movie of us an object from our own solar system. This is the planet Neptune and

You can see something going around Neptune. That's the moon, Triton

This is I think about 60 days of data?

And you can see this this planet moving you see a smear because the planet

bleed of the bright because the planets very bright we can see very nicely the moon the motion and the orbital dynamics

you know we a lot of us learned orbital dynamics in in an undergraduate in high school in PhD at different levels I

certainly had never seen orbital dynamics happen in real time or or in a movie like this as the moon goes around the

Planet here, you can see Kepler's laws in in acts in a single movie

And the reason the Neptune is moving so much isn't that net cheese moving fast. It's that the the para lactic angle of

Kepler-22 - to Neptune here is changing as

the spacecraft moves around the Sun the the

Position of Neptune compared to the background stars moves we call this a parallax, and that's what's going on here

This is just showing you some of the other solar system stuff

We're doing this is the the brightness change of some Astrid

transept tuning objects things in orbit in the same orbit as Pluto and you can see this little wiggle in brightness as

They rotate we can learn the shapes of

Bodies in the outer solar system we can learn how they rotate we can learn how bright they are

This can help us learn how the solar system formed

The reason I'm showing planetary science stuff is because I think nobody predicted that we would do a lot of planetary science work

But it's actually become a very important part of the mission as we learn about our own solar system and that informs us about

exoplanets and vice-versa I

Like this movie because it's the faintest thing we ever observed with k2. This is something for those who understand magnitudes 23rd magnitude is

Extremely faint you can see something going up and down. Do you see that?

That's a transit tuning object. I don't know if you can you can see that in the movie

You have to get your eye in there we go up and down the faintest thing. We've ever observed

Kepler observes from okay - we observe objects from the extremely bright to the extremely faint we have this huge dynamical range of brightness

Okay, so I mentioned clusters clusters is extremely important. This is an image of the Pleiades

I show Hubble images because Hubble's beautiful as I mentioned earlier. This is a Hubble image of the Pleiades

this is actually our image of the Pleiades the Seven Sisters as

Many of you'll know it

And the seven bright stars here, which are used really?

Heavily in astrophysics to try and understand how how stars operate?

Let's zoom in here, and this is showing you this - the shape of RC CDs

This is showing you where where are where we looked for a given campaign

And then we put masks around the and we put mass around them and we can observe these bright stars

In the in this field of view and you can see them actually because they're moving here

That's the movement of the spacecraft

I mentioned there's six hour roll so by looking at these we can look how their brightness changes over time we can look at seismology

Inside of these stars as they oscillators as gas moves up and down and can

Convex inside them and we can understand the internal structure of these stars that people have been observing for

millennia

Giving you insights on them

This is just a just show. I'll show you some of the

Full frame images as we call them. This is our full frame

You'll see that there are two to CCDs that are no longer operating, but the the rest of the the area

Really is vast and and can teach us a huge amount about that our galaxy

And this is so this is where the Pleiades is this is another cluster the Hyades that many of you heard of

Prosecco or M or the Beehive cluster falls into things

So so this is a hugely diverse field and hugely new things that we can we can look into

Of course k2 is still an exoplanet powerhouse

Exoplanets really is what the mission primarily seems to do while we're a general observatory people propose

To do science and exoplanets is obviously a very big part of this

There are 50 confirmed more than 50 confirmed planets from k2

I think there's about a thousand planet candidates as of yesterday

There was an eight announcement of about eight hundred new planet candidates so K twos

Pushing up there

Towards the Kepler numbers of things detected and crucially we're finding planets around the nearest stars and the nearest and brightest stars

Things that perhaps we can hope to characterize with missions like James Webb

So this is the as of a month ago the number of planets

We're finding you see this actually mirrors kept look quite nicely very few bigger things

many more of these smaller things

Peaking in the super earth size regime where we're most sensitive

So this is just showing you some of these as why we differ from Kappler

Those this is a popular hand out image that we we gave to many people as opposed to for Kepler

And then we made one for k2 and and with Kepler you thought how small the Sun is with k2 you think how big the?

Sun is that's because k2 lots looks with lots of nearby planet stars trying to find planets around the

Smallest stars these M. Dwarfs as we call them the reason being small stars are have a bigger transit depth

I said transits a function of the the area of the planet divided by the area of the star blocked or

The area of the star and therefore if you shrink the star you find big smaller planets easy it more easily

So that's what we're doing k2. We're finding these planets around the smallest stars

So

Kepler's told us a lot about the inner part of the solar system of the solar systems

It's taught us about the occurrence of things interior basically of Earth's orbit around other stars

But if you look at this graph this shows you how?

where the the inner system of

Our solar system and where Kepler's sensitive the blue region here is showing Kepler sensitivity as a function of of

Distance from from a star and it tails off as you get towards the Earth's orbit

And then if you shrink that region down and look at how big our solar system is

You realize that Kepler while teaching us so much about other planetary systems

It's just a tiny window into the into even our own solar system in fact

If you think of what Kepler could detect in our own solar system

Kepler might find one perhaps two planets in our own solar system of which our system has many

So we've just probed this tiny regime

Fortunately there's something called micro lensing that may may come out to inform us of other

Regions around other stars

Teach us things about Neptune Saturn Uranus and there a frequency that we simply don't know right now

and

K2 is going to be an important part of this

So what is gravitational microlensing very very simply gravitational microlensing uses the fact that gravity warps space-time

So if you have a lot of gravity and you have a background star the light from that bat

Or a background galaxy in a traditional micro lensing the the the light from that galaxy is going to be bent

That's gonna. Be focused and so you see

That light these background galaxies is brighter than they would actually be this is nutritional gravitational microlensing

It's been used for for a long time to weigh

Foreground galaxies you can understand the mass of things by how much they bend the light

Grab a micro lensing

guys that was gravitational lensing micro lensing

Uses this effect

But in on the much much smaller scale you

take a background star a star on our Galactic bulge say in the center of our galaxy and

Then you have that light coming towards you and then you have a foreground star perhaps even a star

That's too thin to see but the light of that background star is bent around the foreground star

So as that foreground star moves past because everything's moving moves past the background star

You see the background star get brighter because the light is focused towards us we call this a micro lens

And so that's what you're seeing here

Background star foreground star moving, and you see this shape of the brightening, but what if this foreground star had a planet?

You'd see two dips

You'd see first the main different micro lensing of the star a little dip caused by the lensing of the planet

The planets causing and this is a micro lensing event so this goes up, then you see the secondary dip that lasts

You know of order a few hours to a day and the main event might last a few weeks

We've detected a few planets like this

But very few and the Kepler mission is going to help us to take many more of these this is a

Brief movie, I'm gonna show showing you how this effect works not just for stars of planets

But also perhaps for free-floating planets the idea is that there's planets orbiting no star

wandering planets or rogue planets

I call the free-floating planets so in addition to finding planets around distant distant around their own star we can also find planets

That orbit with no star

So this is just the my cleansing effect

This is the lens here move across this is the the back

This is the foreground star that you can't see warping the lights

And then you see this ring as it is it focused the light towards you and then when you add up all that light you

See this this

bright brightening

So k2 is going to look towards the center of the galaxy where there are the most stars you have the most chance of something

passing in front of a a

Background star and it's going to try and find these events by looking looking a large patch of the sky towards there

We just look at what Kepler probe in its tiny region we can see

That in comparison is very small

Compared to the way the microlensing region is going to probe Micronesia region has a much more higher volume of space where it can find

Events towards the center of the galaxy looking for these these very faint

Stars that pass in front of these background things so but why k2?

Okay, these micronized events have been observed from the ground some wonderful ground-based observing projects to detect them

And they found planets or have found few low tens of planets

Kepler gives you something else Kepler

Isn't orbiting Earth it's far from the earth in fact as I mentioned. It's about

8/10 of the way to the Sun as is the distance that Kepler's away

So that means that Kepler and Earth look at a different angle towards these micro lensing events and these microlensing events are extremely

Precisely tuned and the shape of this brightening is very precise and very

Sensitive to the angle that you're looking at it

So if both of them look at a slightly different angle they see different things the events look slightly different

This is just a example of what something would look like here

You see the the my cleansing event from Earth and you see a slightly different time a center and a slightly different

magnification from what the the space crack the k2 mission would detect with a Kepler spacecraft

And you can use these differences in the shape to learn things about the unseen lens star

Primarily and the unseen lens planet. Hopefully primarily you learn about its mass. You know how massive these planets are

Without the extra line-of-sight. It's very hard to uniquely determine the mass

I'll skip that one

of course doing this requires a

Lot of ground-based observing the Earth's a challenging place to look at continuously

Kappa k2 can look at a place continuously fairly easily. We just point on the earth

There are two reasons one the Earth rotates, and you have daytime two you have whether you're clouds

So because we wanted to observe this region simultaneously from Earth and space for three months with no break

We put together a huge network of spare telescopes to observe

This is just some of the the telescopes that are observing these regions of sky

continuously both doing

observing of large regions and also follow-up

Events are found

These telescopes I think most of them are observing every single night for the campaign campaign 9. Which which ended a few days ago

It was and and most of these are manual so you needed people observing at the telescope's for 3 months

straight for all these telescopes

I like to think that we we actually observed the the micro lensing region for more than 24 hours a day because we had multiple

telescopes going simultaneously for three months

And so that meant that when there's weather and when there's daytime there wasn't a break

This is just the the the first image that we pulled down from the spacecraft. This is our full-frame image

This was made courtesy of Doug Caldwell who works within the project and I try to

Show you what this looks like it looks nothing like any of our previous full-frame images

And that's because it's just packed with stars the stars everywhere

and

You know this is like looking at the Milky Way in fact if any of you have been lucky enough to be in the southern

Hemisphere it's like looking in the Milky Way in the southern hemisphere, or you see more stars

and

So this is a region the dark regions where there's lots of dust and here you've seen huge numbers of stars

And this is where we we do some of our microlensing experiments

And as of today there are about 500 micro lensing events detected from the ground and from from from the spacecraft

Which we hope to find planets in still working progress that campaign stopped over the weekend

And we're gonna be working hard to find find more events as time goes on

I'm just going to stop here and saying that this isn't the end of the story my cleansing we understand as a

An agency to be an extremely valuable

way to

Determine what other planetary systems are like Kepler told us about the hot planets the planets that are hotter than Earth and equal to Earth

k2 and

W first in the future are telling us about the cold planets

Don't be first to launch in 2024 and we'll be detecting

thousands of jupiter-like planets and neptune-like planets, and maybe cold earth-like planets orbiting their best distant stars

and

Hopefully lots of free-floating planets

Orbiting no star road planets, so I know I say

it's just thanks for coming and stay tuned for our early estimates of

Micra lensing events when we find them they'll be coming out of the next 12 months. Thank you

So we have time for some questions if you have a question

Please raise your hand and wait for the microphone ask one question only. Thank you

Hi Richard art reader was sort of Colorado. Thanks for that great. Talk. I have a question regarding the

Regions of planets that are detected you had mentioned that there's an issue of sensitivity in terms of noise

Versus detection and it's in this sort of Earth analog or sorry earth earth

Weejun

I'm wondering if you are aware of the star shade project

And I'm wondering if you have any information regarding that how it's proceeding if it's proceeding yeah

so so yeah our

limited sensitivity of Earth's sides can because

When you build a spacecraft you tend not to?

Fund it to do things far and beyond your actual what you want to do

You know you what you want to come in as cheap as possible, but still do amazing science

So you make what you want to do, just possible and so

That's why we're not detecting many because it's extremely hard and our mission ended after after just four years

However, we are finding things, which is which is really fantastic

The starshade project is just mind-blowing

It really is you launch a spacecraft to look at a star you then launch this huge thing that can be you know

tens of meters across looks like a

petals of a flower to block light from the star and by blocking light from the star

You can start to see the planets around the star

reason if you look at a star in the sky

you can't see planets even if your eyes were incredibly sensitive because your Swap pumped by light from the

light from the star swamps any light coming from the planet

but if you use very

Clever optics sort of block out light from the star you can see that see the planets these star shades are gonna orbit

Millions of miles from the from the spacecraft is it's an incredible undertaking

But there are certainly there are plans that this star shades going to be launched

Perhaps in the 2020s there are certainly investigations going on right now perhaps even

As part of the w first experiment, it's it's it's a very much an exciting new area of research

But it's it's very challenging to do one of the reasons is you can look at once over here

And then you have to move your star shade

millions of miles in order to look at another star in another part of the sky

That and the optics which incredibly hard to create

But I think I think coronagraphs which are much smaller things to block the light and star shades which are much bigger things

But all but far for the spacecraft are going to be how we're gonna find

And understand life outside our own solar system because you can actually image the planets themselves you can see

Directly the light coming from these planets you can understand perhaps. What's in the atmospheres of these planets?

Hi, I'm Morgan from Florida Tech

And I was wondering what the most common solar system

Configuration is for exoplanets, and if we have enough data to speculate about

about that

Kepler

Really, you know it probes the inner solar systems

It doesn't probe the outer solar systems, but other things do I think the average solar system?

doesn't have

Many giant planets the average solar system probably has planets closer in than ours

We're probably a little unusual in that we don't have anything interior to mercury

That said the universe is so large that I think if you

And and the number of parameters so high that if you looked at any planetary system

You'd say this one's unique for reason eggs

But because there's so many parameters every every planetary system is unique and we can point to things in our solar system that are unusual

but

Unusual things happen all the time

I think one thing we have you know as we increase our knowledge as a species we learn how insignificant. We are

We're just learning that again planetary systems like ours are likely common

Maybe not maybe not the most common, but they're certainly not rare

Hi, I'm Karina, and thank you for your talk

You mentioned earlier that there's a focus on refining?

Algorithms to find planets that are the same size as Earth and I was wondering why the priority is on finding

Same size instead of like maybe the same energy or like why does size make a planet more inhabitable?

Why can't we inhabit bigger or smaller planets?

Yeah, so that the Kepler mission was focused on finding planets like ours so orbiting stars like ours

orbiting

Dis planets at distances like ours and sizes like ours the reason being is we have a sample of one

One planet with life, and we extrapolate from there

I think probably anybody if you explained that you've discovered one thing and you're going to extrapolate to the universe any

kind of statistical person will critique that method

Somewhat harshly, but that's all we have and that's what we do. We know life on our planet needs liquid water and

We we need

RoR solid surface we we don't have

Life that just at least not much life that floats around with no surface perhaps it exists

But it's probably hard to detect it wouldn't be complex life like we have

Probably so the reason being is because we know that we exist therefore we look for places that look like our own

It's probably not a very good strategy, but it's the least worst just right now

So please join me in thanking dr. Tom Barkley

You

For more infomation >> Thomas Barclay - Microlensing and the K2 Experiment | Science Public Lecture | NASA Lecture - Duration: 53:14.

-------------------------------------------

Terry Fong - Planetary Exploration Reinvented | Science Public Lecture | NASA Lecture - Duration: 56:06.

Welcome to the 2016 Nasa ames Summer Series?

Humans Are Evolutionary Successful

Species due To our inherent Drive To Explore and Migrate

This in Part is due To our Ability

To invent tools and adapt them

for the Purpose of Surviving new Environments

Today's Talk Entitled Planetary Exploration Reinvented will Be given by Dr.. Terry Fong

he Received a bachelor's in Science and Aeronautics and Astronautics from mit and

Then Followed With an Ms in Aeronautics and Astronautics also at mit

He then came to ames

from 1991 To 1994 and

Decided to Go and do A Phd

so he Went and Started A Phd and received A phd from

in Computer science From Carnegie Mellon University

During That Time he, also

Co-Founded A Company Fourth Planet

Producer of interactive Tools for Real-Time Information

Visualization

in

2004 he Came back to ames so all of you that are here for the first Time Maybe

We'll See most of You back Here?

He has Numerous Publications and Awards Please Join, Me in Welcoming Dr.. Terry Fong

Thanks very Much Jacob good Morning

It Still is Morning I think I'm Really glad to see so Many People Here

Quick Show of Hands How Many of You are here Just for the summer at least for now

Wow so that's Almost all of you that's great

That Means I can go ragging all the people who are here all the Time They Didn't come to see me

Although They were Encouraged to

Let's See as

Jessica Said There will Be some Questions at the end but

Because You get to grill me at the end I'm going to start Off by Grilling all of you to start with so

Quick Show of Hands How Many of you were Born After December 1972

Wow Almost all of You again Can Any of you tell me why December in 1972 and Specifically December 7 1972 Is important

Not yet

Well so stay tuned I'm not gonna answer that right away

But you know Just Keep it in mind next Question how Many of you Work in Planetary Exploration in our Space sciences?

so only A few so

Hopefully that Means A lot, of want to tell you will be new to you and you

Won't just go to sleep and then you know come Apologize Afterwards so Let me Tell you what i'm going to

Describe Today Is some of the Work we've Been Doing here at

Nasa ames for the past decade in my group the intelligent Robotics Group to try to come up with new tools new

Techniques New Ways of Doing Planetary Exploration A lot of what we Care about at

Nasa Across the board of Course is Learning more About the Universe Learning more About the solar System

Understanding you Know

Differences of The Moon Mars and other Places Compared to the Earth and Doing so Really helps us better understand how

We all Came to be here and to, also think about the future of how

We Can Perhaps expand Human Presence From Where we are Today to Where We Would like to be in the Future?

so Maybe

Well Start With Is trying to answer the Question I just Asked you about why December

1972 Is so important and the Reason Is that was the very last Time that Humans went Beyond Low-Earth Orbit

That was and Still Is today the state of The Art of Human Planetary Exploration

1972 December 1972 Is when Apollo 17 went to the Moon and in Particular

Image to me Really so sort of summarizes Where, we are Still more Than 44

Well Coming up on 44 Years Later in Terms of the State of the Art of Human Planet Exploration

This is a picture of Jack Schmitt

Astronaut Geologist on the Surface of the Moon With his car the Lunar Roving Vehicle

Doing Field Work With Handheld tools

Shovels

Sample Collection Bags

Walking Inside out of a pressure Suit on the Surface of the Moon and if You think about it you know that's Both Really

Exciting the fact that you know

We did get out Beyond Low-Earth Orbit that There was?

Exploration of the Surface of the Moon at the Same Time it's a little Sad if You think about it that was 44 Years ago

And A lot has changed since then which means that Part of the Question Is well can, We do things Differently Can?

We do things better or perhaps are There other Ways to think about Planetary Exploration

in Particular a Lot has evolved, over the past Forty some Years in Terms of our Ability to use tools

Especially Things like Orbiters You See in The Top Row There are There a number of Different

Satellite Systems That Have Been Back to the Moon

The Japanese The Indians

Nasa have sent Probes to Orbit the Moon Collect High-Resolution images and to use other Instruments to measure the Properties of the Lunar Surface

We've learned how to live and Work in Space the Space Station has Been Up there from for more Than a decade now?

Where People

Routinely Conduct Experiments that do Work Onboard Space Station They learn A lot about what it's like to live and Work in A really

Unnatural Environment for Humans

and of Course Nasa has Been very Fortunate

Over the past Few Decades to be able to send you know our

Robotic

Explorers far Beyond

Earth Orbit We've Sent Landers Such as Phoenix Tomorrow as we've used Mars Rovers to Explore the surface of the Third?

Sort of The Fourth Planet

And Over the past you know A few Years we've Been Doing a lot of Experimentation on Space Station With Robots like Robonaut 2 as

Well As here on Earth With a variety of Robots to Understand how Robots can be used Productively for

Planetary Exploration

But you Know if We look at where nasa Is headed, we're Trying to Embark upon a Journey to mars

We're Trying to go from Where

We are Today which is A lot of Work on the Earth Or in Earth Orbit to a future Where?

We do have humans you know on the Moon again at Mars in Mars Orbit on the?

Surface of Mars and Being able to Carry out These Missions

Requires Us to do A Lot of development a lot of Thinking of how, do We Really Make that possible These Missions as

We're Looking to go Further and Further away from Earth Are More Complex, They're Longer Duration They, Require New Technology that Require our new tools

A variety of Different things, We have to, worry About include robotics

Deep-Space Habitation Spacesuits

Communications for Paulson's Lots of Different Things that We today still don't quite have all the answers and so one of the Challenges

for all of you if you're interested is to try to Help nasa

Answer Some of The Questions of How

Do you create the tools and techniques the Methods that We need for doing future Exploration at least Future

Human Exploration of Deep Space

So what I'm going to talk to you about Today are Three of the things that we've Been Doing here at

Nasa ames in My group to Really Try, to

Expand and Try To reinvent in Some way the way That Planetary Exploration can be Conceived of can be performed

Three Parts so Three-Part Act Today The first one in Terms of Robots for Human Exploration how Can

We use Robots to Improve the way that humans live and Work in Space?

Number Two Is an Interesting Area Called neo Geography There's Been A real Revolution in the Past couple decades of how

We think About using Maps and images and?

Combining Maps and images Together so I'll talk a little bit About that and the third Is in Terms of Exploration Ground

Data System Which is a fancy way of Saying of how do you organize?

The Information that You're using to Plan and Carry out Exploration Missions

Through Software in Particular

Do you do that on a laptop is it on A tablet is it with a giant ground Control Team like we've Routinely Done Here

At nasa so we'll go to each of These in a little bit and Hopefully this will give you

Some you know Insight of Some of the Different ways to

Perhaps Explore in The Future so We start off With the Robots for Human Exploration

This is the Topic that's Been Near and Dear to my heart for Many Years Now and

The Reason That it's Really I think Interesting Is this whole Notion of how you combine Humans and Robots Into an effective Team

Nasa has Had A long History of using Robots for deep Space Exploration we've Had a long History

Although Some Of it is Quite historical now of using Humans to do Exploration in Space

But the Question Looking Forward Is how do you combine Humans and Robots Together are There effective Ways to create Teams

Robots That Can Complement and Supplement the Activities of Humans you know and how, do you do that so

One of the things that we've Been Doing here at ames is trying to look at

The the whole trade Space you know how, do you combine Humans and Robots in an effective Manner

And i'd like to point out to people that that Human-Robot Teaming Is not just what you might See in The Movies it's not Just

You know Luke Skywalker and R2D2 Just Being Closely you know Walking Hand in Hand Or Hand and Gripper or Whatever

But it's a Broader

Set of

Configurations it's the Idea that you Can Have Robots Working before

Humans Or Robots Working in Parallel or supporting Humans and of Course Robots Working Afterwards so the whole Notion of before in

Parallel or Supporting and After IS an Interesting twist

On the idea of Human Robot Teaming it's not Just about Hand in Hand it's really the, whole Idea of Looking at how

They Can be Complementary over A Broad Range of Space and Time

And not Going off to Lunch

Let me go back Up here

so

One of the things that

We did A few Years ago was Conduct an Experiment Called the Robotic recon Experiment This was an Experiment that

We ran to understand a little bit Better how Having Robots Working Ahead of Humans might Really Improve the overall

Productivity of The Exploration Make it more productive Make it more Effective

To do this you know, We set UP an Experiment Where

We we tested Exploration of an Unknown Area I'll get?

Into The Details in A minute here Both With and Without the Benefit of Having Robots Working in Advance and We try to

Use This Experiment to Better understand what are the requirements

The Kinds of Things That Are needed to Carry out This kind of Joint Human and Robot Activity in Terms of the

Instrumentation The Robots Have to Carry the Communications and Navigation the Planning how

Do We understand the Coordination between Robot Activity and Human Activity

All These Kinds of

Questions Are Things that We tried to look at

And if Any of you are Really interested in in the the Detailed results There's a nice Paper that my

Deputy Wrote Maria Bullets published Back in 2011

Happy To give you the reference Afterwards or you Can Look at it on YouTube so you try to scribble it Down right now

But to motivate this Let me Tell you a little bit about why?

Recon Or Scouting in General Is useful and to do that I'm going to tell you a little bit About

Apollo 17 as I mentioned Apollo 17 Happened in December 1972 it was the the last Apollo Mission and it was the only Mission?

Where One of the astronauts was a trained scientist jack Schmitt

Geologist By Training

Was kind of A last-Minute Replacement but he, was a member of the Crew?

Who Had Training a, background in Field Geology that Is he was used to going out and doing Field Work

Walking Around

Trying To

Understand Multiple

Hypotheses at the Time About the way that the environment was?

Constructed What are the Different geologic units how do They fit Together or Where do they come from and

One of the things that that jack did was he, was Part of A number of Sorties A number of Eevee Activities

On the surface of the Moon the second of Those Eevee A2?

Started Off From the Landing Site and They went out Along

You Follow the blue lines Towards the South Massif and Then they Worked Their Way back out on the Upper Part There to?

What was Termed Station Four iT's a location called Shorty crater you can see by the map here it's About 3/4 away Through

The Sortie About 75% of The Time Through and at That Location Jack Schmitt

Walking Around Trained Field geologists Discovered

Orange Soil

Actually Turns out to be This Pyroclastic Material

You Can See here There's This volcanic material in Orange it was Really exciting it was Perhaps the most exciting Discovery of Apollo 17

But Had Happened Three-Quarters of the Way Through This Traverse and as you Can Imagine they, were Running Short on Time They

Were Running Short on Oxygen They, Couldn't Stay There very Long

And so they Quickly grabbed some samples then They went back and you think about it perhaps the most important Scientific to govenor Paulo

17 and Didn't Really have a whole Lot of Time to Study it

So you think About how Could you you know perhaps do Better Than that and of Course the obvious answer as

Well We Had Known that Shorty Crater was an Important place Maybe?

We would have Gone There first or maybe Would have Sped up the Traverse so we Could Spend more Time There?

But the only way you can do that Is by Having

Better Information so you need to do Scouting you need to do Recon to Make that Determination

So for us it was an Interesting Question, okay so if We want to think about reimagining

Apollo 17 How

Do We do this and how Would you carry this out by using a robot that was a Background for this Experiment

We did Back in

2009

Where We went Through a sequence of Steps, we did A pre Recon sort of Planning Phase for this this Combination?

Robot Followed By Human Mission

The First Phase in Terms of Pre Recon Looked at using Satellite images, we, did some Planning with a, geologic map

We developed to try to lay out Where We Would want to do Scouting Ahead of Time Scouting Carried out by a planetary Rover?

In the Second Phase and what you see here is the K10 Planetary Rover

Under Control by a ground Control Team

Followed Up by

Some Secondary Planning With The for a human Mission and then Ultimately Carried out as a Simulated

Astronaut Mission This Is an Experiment that We Carried out Over the Course of A number of Months in 2009?

We did This at a place Called Black Point Lava flow

How Many of You Have ever Heard of Black Point Lava flow

Six A one Maybe two people Three People so black Point Lava Flow IS 65 Kilometers North of Flagstaff it's in Arizona

It's what we consider to be a planetary analog that it Is have some Characteristics that are similar

In This case to a Feature on the Moon Called the straight Wall it's A large Lava Flow of Fairly Old Lava Flows

Basaltic

Volcanic Rocks A lot of Different

Geologic Units that Is Different Areas That Have very Different Characteristics and We were Just Didn't studying This because it

Was A very large Structure 15 Kilometers wide east to west

About Five Kilometers North To South A large Area to cover if You're going to try to do Exploration

In the Style that, was Done During Apollo Which I said Is still the State of The Art Today for Human Exploration

Arizona Desert To Simulate A scouting Mission on the Moon the Robots Known as Kate in Black and Kate in Red Are

Using Their Onboard Cameras and 3D Laser Scanners to Take images and Map the Terrain, we're Looking at using A

Smaller Robot like Kate N to Explore the Area Ahead of Time to Make

The Astronauts Time More efficient on the Moon the Data is transmitted to Mission Managers at the ames Research Center

Where The Robots are Remotely Controlled?

Robotic Scouting Missions to the Moon will Provide Astronauts a lunar Roadmap that will Improve the Quality and Amount of science Data

Collected during Their Stay on the Lunar Surface

Information Gathered From the K10 will Be used to Plan a simulated Astronaut Mission to the Moon this August and that this Week at nasa

Or at least that was this Week at. Nasa Back in 2009

The Video Is interesting

In A couple Respects one is you saw a Planetary rover that

Was being Interactively Controlled by a science Operation Team they, were using a number of Instruments Onboard the Robot

Cameras 3D Scanning Lidar To Better Understand the Environment

But the Primary Purpose of Course was not moving the Robot from point A to point B

I mean that's A sort of a secondary Effect

Roboticists Or Operators Care About you know Making Sure The Robot is Safe

but the Primary Purpose

Was of Course to use a robot to Gather Information that's Necessary for Improving the Planning of what Comes next

Which is the Human Mission and so one of the key Questions was you know how

Should You Carry out That Mission and What sort of Data Should you collect

Scouting is a non-Trivial thing the goal Is not to go out There and Spend Every Possible Hour Doing a super Detailed

Comprehensive

Study of Environment Because you just Never Have the Time in fact you don't have the resources Either and so the Question is how Can

You be smart About going to Different Locations Together the most Important Information that will be

You know Useful for Planning what Comes next

One of things, We did of Course

We use the number of Different Instruments on that Robot as I said it Had laser Scanners as Cameras. We also happen to have A

Panoramic Image here Called Gigapan which, allowed Us to create very High-Resolution Panoramas and We collected A lot of Recon Data?

Eight-And-A-Half Gigabytes of Data Over 52 Hours of Remote Operations and you Can See here it, was Spread out over A

Fairly large Area We Had an Area to the west and blue There

in an Area to the the only Considerably the North Section and very A

Fairly Large Amount of Data Collected in The Center Here A lot of Data

This Data, was important Because it Really Helped complement some of the Data that

We start Out With As I told You Earlier We Began This whole Experiment by Starting off With Satellite Imagery The kind of Imagery?

We would get Today if We were to go back to the Moon or go to mars

This Is an Example of Orbital Data This Comes from a digital globe it

Was a quick Bird Image at the Time 60 Centimeters per Pixel you can, do Better Than that Today Those are Commercially Available

State-Of-The-Art

Orbital Image and if I tell you a little bit more About this image this is such as

Well Here's The Location and Here's the Time of day and you do a little bit of math based on where the sun

Was you Could Probably Look at this Area Highlighted in Red and Figure out?

Oh this Area Where you see some Dark Area This Kind of dark

Shadow is Actually A cast Shadow you Could infer that on the Bottom of the Image

That Section of the Ground is higher than what's inside the Box and so the Shadows Cast That's Falling Into That Area and so what

You're Really Looking at here Is not a area That has Different color Materials but rather is a Basin Where Something Is lower

That's The Kind of Thing that you Can you know glean from this Image and of Course That might Help you in Terms of Planning

for Navigation Because you know

Well I don't want to start on the Bottom Edge and Just drive Straight Cuz I'm Probably Fall off of a Cliff

But it doesn't Tell you more than that it doesn't tell you in Particular you know

Why are There some Differences in There and why

Is that Area Which kind of Looks a little bit Like I

Guess North America in White you know what Is that why Is it so white how

Is that Different from This very very Deep Black Area and if in Fact That black Area is Shadow what's in There

And so one of the Frustrations We have of using even This?

High-Resolution Satellite Imagery Is that it doesn't Give us enough Information to Really Plan Surface Activities well

Contrast This Kind of Data Which Comes from Satellites from from Orbit With This Kind of Data Which Is what we gathered With our Robot

This is Information Gathered With Imagers

We have for example This Top Panorama inside the exact Same Area at the Same Basin and Now you can See

Well yes it is a wall

So we Definitely do not want to drive Off of that

but more Interesting of Course is you Can zoom in and Take a look at you know from an Oblique Angle and Understand

Well in This case you know the wall looks like this

We could Look down Close to the ground and very High-Resolution because here of Course you Can Have?

High-Resolution Imaging on the Surface and Determine Whether or not it's important to go to this Area or or was Just a feature to Avoid

The Other of The interesting Thing of Course Is that if you do have these Sensors that are you know on the Surface you can

Have very Close-Up very Extremely High-Resolution Detailed Measurements That Are impossible to Acquire from Orbit This Is an example of of

A camera image that we also managed to?

Image With our 3D Scanning laser System Here very High Resolution a three Millimeter Depth Resolution

The Kind of Information That Makes it Really I think

Effective if You're Trying to Plan Whether or not you Should to go to an Area

Click Samples Or you know, Merely Take a look at it

you Know from a Distance

What We did After That Robotic Mission of Course is We We took a look at?

How, we could use it Information and Plan A follow-Up human Mission the Mission that We Carried out at that Time?

Was done With some of our Friends at

Nasa Johnson who Back in The 2009 Period Word of Developing A vehicle Called the Space Exploration vehicle This

Was meant to be I know the the fard?

Descendant of the Lunar Roving Vehicle That I start off With Talking About from Apollo 17 in this Case

Here it's A vehicle Where the idea

Is that you Keep the Spacesuits Outside of The vehicle you can See in The Bottom image There These Spacesuits They're mounted

Through A

Mechanism Would Call A suit Port and so the astronauts Would live Inside This Vehicle and a nice Shirtsleeve Clean

Environment When They need to go outside and do Field Work they, Would step, Into the Spacesuits and Detach and and be able to then

Work Outside The vehicle This helps you know Minimize The amount of

Dust and Other

Other Materials That you might bring in and Contaminate the the Clean Living Environment it also allows Us to be very

efficient of being able to

Quickly go in and out of a place Which is you know Comfortable for living to have to go Work on the Outside

Rather Than Go Through A very Long Process and Airlocks and all These kinds of Things

What We did during our Experiment was We Divided Up A?

Set of Astronauts Or at least Simulated Astronauts Here I shouldn't Say Similarly because Actually two

Of our our Test subjects Mike Bernhardt and Andy Thomas are in Fact Astronauts have Been on the Space Station

We combined Them Along With?

Brent Gary and Jake Bleacher who are Field geologist Practicing geologists That Work for nasa They Routinely go out and do Field Work

We had Them Carry out A number of Different Traverses to do Sampling do Field Work and?

What we did of Course is We took?

The Data From The Robotic Recon Mission that We Had Carried out Ahead of Time and We use that Information

And We gave them information only to one of the Crews and the other Crew, We said well?

We're Gonna Try to pretend like you're Just Apollo you only have the benefit of?

Satellite Imaging

Orbital Data and Then We'll see what are the effects of working With and Without surface Information

So here's A short Video just give you an Idea of what the Space Exploration vehicle Looks like large Six Wheeled Vehicle

You Can See here the the astronauts are now Into Their Simulated Spacesuits in There They're Going out to do Field Work

What was Interesting of Course? Is that you know our Focus was on?

Using Robots

We didn't Try to optimize the?

Use of Hand tools and so the tools that they use were very similar to what was used back During Apollo 17

This Idea of using Shovels and

Collection Bags To collect Samples

It's good and it's just some Time We move on Here

Some of the results that We got from from this Study Is that in The Area that the western Area

The Pre Recon Plan That was designed and Again This is based Purely on Satellite Information

Was designed to be very Apollo like that Is if You Think of what was Done During apollo?

They Tried to do A very Rapid Area Coverage because you only Had a single visit you had to try to maximize the Area Covered

Trying To visit you know as Many Different geologic units as possible Because you, don't have a chance to go back There

Well We found of Course is then Maybe this is all Common sense? Is that with the Benefit of?

Surface Recon Information our Plan was Significantly Different Because?

We decided that you know the things Which Look Radically Different from Orbit the things Which Appeared to be you know Incredibly

Important To go Look at this Unit versus Another Turns out well Actually They're very similar on the ground so we don't really need to?

That and as A result our pre Recon Plan and our Post Recon Plan are Significantly Different

so one of the Impacts of

Having Scout Information Is that We were able to you know Really Improve the Prioritization and the Targeting of the Work being Done by Humans

Seems you know, Fairly Self-Evident the more Information you have the Better but you know other Interesting results were that

Well Just Having Information Is not enough because part of the Question is how do you Coordinate

The Activities Done By humans versus Robots I mean if you're going to send a robot out for Scouting in Advance Where

Do You go how, do you carry out that that's Scouting and then how

Do you Take that Information and then pass it over to

The Humans do you Provide Humans for example with the Data that

Was collected by the Robots Because of Course The Robots Are Going to Locations that Maybe you're not going to send Humans Is that Helpful

Or not

It was a really Interesting Experiment Because it Really Started Opening our eyes This whole Notion of A coordination between Humans and Robots

Something that it was not Really, Evident to us as, was A key Driver but Turns out to be extremely Important

So that was a robotic Recon Experiment you know After We finished that one of Course, We were sitting Around Thinking?

Well what's A natural Follow-Up and Someone in my group Said, well you know We Should Just Write a proposal to do the Opposite?

We should go right A Robotic FolloW-Up Experiment and so we did?

and it's of Course a nice Thing to do if you're out There writing grants you know you do some Work and then your second

Grant you Just Take what you just did and you Flip it on its Head and yeah you can go get some more Funding to

do that

so, we did A Sex Pyramid called the Robotic Follow-Up Experiment and This

Was meant to Look at Solving the Problem that We have when, we're out doing Field Work and that We Never ever Have enough Time?

If You're in the Field

Oftentimes You you run out of Resources or you're your field Experiment Just run Short

and you get Back Home and you think

Well if I only Had more Time I could have done more Observations I've Collected more Samples I could have Done Additional Work

Now Now that I'm sitting at Home Sitting in my office Boy if I just gone to this Location

But you can't and so One Question was well what if you?

Combine Human Activity With Robots and You leave the Robots Behind so that after you get home you can

Actually use the Robots to Follow Up and do the things that you Would have liked to have done if You could have Stayed in

The Field Longer

Now of Course why is follow up useful?

I'll Show you this Slide and you Probably Recognize this Since I showed it A few Minutes ago

Except before it Said why is recon useful?

Paulla 17

Same Sort of Problem you know as you recall

Out here at Shorty Crater not enough Time to really collect all the samples You want not enough Time to do all the Detailed Fieldwork

Well what if you?

Had Left the Lunar Rover and Vehicle Behind but it was A

Self-Driving Car Today and it Could Carry out its Own Set of Activities

Well That's fine you know Humans Can Go home leave the Robots Behind and then you Could use Those Robots to do some Detailed

Systematic Work Afterwards

There's an Interesting Idea something Which I fully believe is likely to happen in The Future Because these Days When

We build Things?

They all have Software in Them Whether it's A?

It's a tool or a vehicle Or a robot it's very Likely in the Future that as Humans go to Planetary

Environments Whether that's the Moon or mars There leave things Behind and then Afterwards, we're Going to Operate them Robotically

So to try to understand what are the benefits of this, We went out to a Different analog site This

Was a place in the Canadian Arctic called hotend crater

Hotend Crater Is

About 74

Degrees North it's in The High Canadian Arctic and Here's a trivia bit of Trivia Knowledge for all of you

What's the largest uninhabited Island on Earth and the answer Is devon Island Which is where hotend crater is Located?

Anybody Asks you you know you know where Should you go to get away from everybody this is a great place for that

A devon Island Is an interesting place Because it's Snowbound Most of the Year There's About a six-Week Period in the Summer

Where the snow Is all gone at least on the Surface There is Permafrost A lot of Interesting of?

Subsurface Features That Persist Year-Round Because of the very Cold

Arid Climate and We went There Because A hot and Crater this is a picture I bet Here

In The far North Here Is an Analogue for one of the most interesting Places on the Moon Called Shackleton Crater

They're Both Polar Impact Structures About 20 Kilometres in Diameter

Hotend Crater Has Subsurface, Water ice Shackleton crater We believe in Many Places has Subsurface Water Ice as well?

They're Remote

Isolated difficult Access Interesting Location for Us to go try to do some Experimentation and

So what we did Back in 2009 Is we Carried out A crew Mission by first Having Humans go Explore very much an

Apollo Style They used This This Humvee as a Proxy for a future Vehicle and

They Carried Out A couple Different surveys one in Terms of Geologic mapping which is a a

Classical Way that Fuel geologists Go out to try to Document the history of an Area Trying to examine

The Structural Geometry The Major units of an Area and the Second was A geophysical survey using

Handheld Or These Hand Deployed Ground-Penetrating Radar to examine The 3D Subsurface Structure

Here Are Some example images These are Collected by Mark Helper, one of our Field geologists who?

We sent Up to hotend Crater he Collected These images With a handheld Camera and

Identified Afterwards Different Contacts Between Different Carbonates you can See a Variety of Different sediments and

Different views of the Haughton Impact Structure

Here Are Some examples of the the Ground-Penetrating radar, Data This, was Collected by Assam Peggy who at the Time Worked at Jpl and

Was able to identify as the the Presence of subsurface Ice wedges Locations Where the Ice and the Subsurface is Pushing Up in

Little Peaks Towards the Surface

Based on that, We then Sat Down and Said, well how can We follow up with this with a robot you know where Should?

We send Robots To do Additional Work Complimentary Work to what was done by our Humans and We?

Decided to create A number of Different Plans in These Various Sites

Some of These Are

Traverses Where You're Going from Point to Point to Point others Are Systematic surveys Where you might be Following A?

Raster Or A lawnmower Kind of Pattern to get Detailed Information about that site

And here's an Image or sort of a movie of one of our Rovers this is the T10 rover that

We sent to hotend Crater it Turns out it was the Same River that, was in Black Point Lava Flow in Arizona as?

Well but this Time We Added some Different Instrumentation on the Bottom of the Chassis There's A Ground-Penetrating Radar?

This was meant to complement the Work that was done With a handheld tool There's also an x rf Device on the back

There's a high

Resolution 3D Scanning Ladder on the Top this is A

Gigapan System that We're Using for Panoramic Imaging and We use These to?

Conduct The Follow-Up Work Now One of the interesting Things About This of Course is that

We were Trying to understand the Impact of using Robots so we Didn't want to just have the Robots

Replace Humans

We wanted to Try to Understand how the Robots Could Function in Ways That are Complementary so this Robot for example Is very Autonomous?

It's able to drive and Navigate From Point to Point by Itself all the

Steering of the Wheels you're Seeing here be done Fully Autonomously by the Robot it's Making its Own Decisions of how to Drive

Which Places to Avoid

you Know when to acquire images based on High-Level Guidance Provided by the Planning Team

Some of The results from this is that

We we found That using Robots and in Sort of A follow up Mode was very useful because you Could verify and amend?

the Data That

Was Collected by humans in Some Places you were able to go back and Can ferm some of the hypotheses that

The Human Team Had When they, were Carrying out That Work by themselves?

And in Particular in Terms of the geophysical survey, We were able to Correlate and very

Very High-Resolution Way

Surface and Subsurface Features Because the Robots were able to Acquire A lot more Detailed Information in A very Precise

Manner you Know Robots of Course Are very very, Easy to track, We use Positioning systems, we know Exactly Where They were?

But Harder to do that with with Humans

However, We we learned A number of interesting things one Is that it's Really Non-Trivial

Trying to Plan The Coordination between Human Activity and Robot Activity if You send Humans out and Tell them

Well Robots Going to come Along Afterwards it's Really Hard for those Humans to think

Well

Can the Robot Actually Come here or go to that Location

That's far away that I'd like to send it Because one of the Problems that We have as Humans?

Is it's difficult for us to understand in Detail what are the performance limits what are the Capabilities of Those Robots you know Can

We Make them go to the place Where We really want to?

That's an Important Thing Because of Course if you're Depending upon Somebody Else

Well There's A?

Human Teammate Or a Robot to Follow up after you you need to understand what Their

Capabilities Are and You have to Take them Into Consideration when you're Planning because otherwise you know

When you hand off A Plan and Say hey go do this you know at the end of the day

You're not going to get the results that you wanted so

One of the things that We learn from

This Work of Having Robots Working Before and After Is that is Really

Critically Important To Think About Human Robot Teaming and Thinking about what that means?

Coordination is Clearly Important Understanding the Capabilities of each Whether the human or the Robot is important

Understanding you know How do you transfer Information the way that humans Acquire Data With our senses and

Interpret that Is very very Different than the way that Robots do that

These are The kind of issues that I think are Critically Important if We really want to depend upon Robots

For Future Planetary Exploration When They're Working you know before Or in Support or after Human Teammates?

Any Case that, was Part One Talking About Robots for Human Exploration

I

Think When

We get to the end of This Talk of Any of you have Questions about that you know Please Keep in Mind this this whole?

Idea of Robots Before and Pair Alone After it's a really

Interesting Area and I think That's Fundamentally something that's Going to Help reinvent the way that humans Explore Planets

But Let me Switch Now and Talk about a different Set of tools Another way of Thinking of how Can, we?

Change the way that we're Doing Planetary Exploration and That's in Terms of a whole demand that's

Over the Past decade Been Called neo Geography or you know sort of Reinvention of the way that We think about the use of Maps?

How Many of you in the Past Say six Months, or so has has Relied upon a Digital map Google Maps or bing

Or what's on your Phone I think it's like every Single Person in This Room

Now what's Fascinating is if You go back and you ask you know like your Parents your

Grandparents That Same Question and the answer will Probably be, no, We Didn't do that or at best, We used a paper map

Some of you are Old Enough I'm going to Date Myself now

to know

What a triptych Is this is A thing that Came from the triple a people like a triple a what's the triple A

Well that's a whole Nother Question?

Or a topic of Discussion but The point Is that over the past decade we've Come to Rely Increasingly upon the use of Geographic Information

Systems That Are online that Are Real-Time that have a lot to do with Mapping

And so what's important for for Us here at

Nasa is to Understand how Can

We do the Same for Planetary Exploration I mean Here on Earth We Really have you know gleaned A lot of Benefits from?

The Existence of Gps and Satellite Data and Online and Maps how can, We do the Same for Planetary Exploration

Well Pry Doesn't Surprise you that over the past Few Decades Nasa and other Space Agencies Have Gotten Increasingly good at Acquiring

High-Resolution Data From Orbit you Know as I mentioned for the Moon we've Had A lot of Orbiters Acquire Information, over the past several Years

And the Question is then Based on that Information how Can you use that to Improve the way that you Carry out Scientific

Investigation How to use that to Improve the way that you Plan Future Exploration Missions Whether Those are Orbital Missions or ones on the Surface?

I

Think One of the Reasons why is it important Is that We have you know?

Found Ways of Acquiring More and More Planetary Data and at the Same Time it's not Just an exciting Thing it's, also a real Problem

Over the past Few Decades the Number of Images

The Moon and Mars has Grown at Greater Than Exponential rate

in Terms of The amount of Data we Acquire

We are Really great at getting that Information

What we're Not so great at Is being able to find Ways of Processing and using that Information Because

We have A lot of Data?

And it's not Just the Number of images acquired it has to do with the Size and Scale of These images

We have Really Really Big Images These Days?

Images from example From the Mars

Camera Called High Rise Which is Carried by the mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

20 K by 40 K images are Routine

These Are Huge Pieces of Data and if You think about it trying to Process These in A manual

Manner of the Way that we've Done for Many decades the way that's traditional in The Space science World

Which Is Human intensive Cartography is Really?

Really Limiting There's only so much that humans Can do no Matter how Many Humans you might Have

Because Really There aren't that Many Skilled Cartographers in The World to be able to Process this Data

And so the Question Is how Can you Make use of This in A faster way

Well One way of doing that Is doing Automated Stereo Processing

We can use Computer?

Systems To Take Pairs of images and We Can Reconstruct 3d Terrain by Processing These nasa

Has done This for a Long Time Although Traditionally With With Manual tools

We can now Apply computer Software to do the same sort of Thing?

Here in My group We've developed a map

Processing Pipeline That Takes Data From Lots of Different sources Runs it Through A Variety of Computer Vision algorithms that

We may run on Say The supercomputer Here and I'Ll put that in Different Ways?

We've created Lots of Models of Mars?

We've Worked with A number Different Imagers we've Done The Same Thing of the Moon and some of the Work we've done is Actually With?

Historic Data Where We've Taken Scans of?

The Original Apollo Films From the Apollo Panoramic and Metric Camera and Created These High-Resolution 3D Models

We've used up to create These high Resolution 3D Maps of the Moon for example

We've created a digital Elevation map A 3D Terrain Model of A large Mosaic of 4,000 images They've Been all Registered and adjusts it together

and then of Course you Can, Reconstruct This and Project us back out to the Moon

and the Reason why this is exciting

Is that Once You have this Data in Digital format is you can not only?

Process it but then you Can Visualize it in Ways That are Really Different

One of the great tools that it was created, over the past decade was a tool called

Google Earth I'm sure Most of you Have Probably played with it at. Some Point in your life

I'm not sure How Many Though are aware that Google Earth Actually has a mars Mode and a moon Mode

If You go back to your Desktop Computer or your Laptop and you launch it

After This Talk Click on the Toolbar There's a little Saturn Icon if you click on the Saturn Icon you Can Flip to these other

Modes and You Can find

Data That We created and Then Work With Google to push out to the the Broad public of Both Mars and the Moon

Earth to the Moon in Google Earth go to the top toolbar and select Moon

Now you'll be able to Explore the Moon and Moon related Content in the Left Panel Layers

With historical Charts You Can Explore actual Planning Charts of the Moon From the Apollo Missions

These High-Resolution Maps, were used for Astronaut Training and by Mission Control during the Lunar Missions

Clicking The Human Artifacts Layer Displays Those objects Humans Have Left on the Moon including 3D Models of Spacecraft in

the Left Panel You'll See links to the six Apollo Landing sites on the Moon

Double-Click Apollo 11 and Zoom in and See it in More Detail

Once you arrive you Can

Watch Video Clips of Neil Armstrong's first Steps on the Moon and Many other significant Mission Moments

view 3D Models of Mission Spacecraft Like The Apollo 11 Lunar Module Eagle and

Sea, Panoramic Imagery Taken by the astronauts Themselves of the Moon Surface

And Show you one of the other Interesting Things that's Embedded Within

Moon and Mars and Google Earth and that is guided tours so if you want to go and Explore the Moon

You don't have to just Look at it by Navigating Yourself but you Can

Actually Take A tour With

For example Jack Schmitt Jack Schmitt Apollo 17 Astronaut and geologist who on the Apollo 17 Mission in December of?

1972 Crew of Apollo 17, was an Aggregate of Two Backup Crews

Apollo 14 and 15 I replaced Joe Engle on that

and gene Cernan Would be the Commander and Ron evans

Was going to Continue as the Command Module Pilot gene Cernan got out of the Spacecraft furs and

I

Followed Him very Fairly Quickly Afterwards

We were in A valley Deeper than the Grand Canyon of the colorado the Mountains on either Side Were 2,100 Meters or about

7,000 feet high the sun, was as Brilliant as Any sun that you Can Imagine even More

Impressive was the

Earth Which was Hanging over one of the Mountains and Stayed at Hanging over that Mountain the South Massif and that was Really A?

Magnificent sight for Me and that's what I remember as being Sort of my first real Impressions of the Valley of Taurus-Littrow

So the interesting Thing of Course is the fact that

We have These tools Now that Allow Anyone not Just you Know A trained Planetary scientist not Just someone who Works at

Nasa or Another Space Agency but Anyone

You your Best friend your Grandmother to go Explore These These other Environments These These Different Planets

We've also done some Work not just With Google but With microsoft microsoft Had a another Piece of Software Called World wide Telescope

That We Worked to Help Ad Planetary Data to?

A couple Years Ago been Working With Chris kemp from nasa, We started Thinking how

We could bring Together The Features and the Functionality that We Had in World wide Telescope?

To some of the Planetary Datasets and We Really Wanted to Focus on a unique asset the high-Rise Imagery that mars Had and so

We started working and Collaborating to Figure out how, We could bring to the public and get It in Their Hands?

The High-Rise Imagery is One-Of-A-Kind Camera That's Onboard one of the Satellites That Goes Around Mars and Takes Really

HiGh-Resolution Images of The Planet Surface

We have complete Base Maps of Mars as, well as very High Resolution?

Data That are Actually higher

Resolution Than Most of the Satellite Data that is Publicly Available over Earth and so

We Can Actually See Mars in Better Detail in Some Areas Than, We can See Earth?

This Project Leverages

Several Teams Within Nasa and Then, also of Course Teams at microsoft and

Really it's Bringing Together Some of The Kind of Cutting-Edge Technologies in Both Institutions

To do Something which has not Been Possible before

People Can go for the Walk on Mars Now and Actually See the craters See the Cliffs and and get

Appreciation of the Scale in A way that they could never have Done before

Mars is A big Place by making this raw

Data it's Full High-Resolution Data Available Worldwide Telescope, we're Just Gonna Open all of that up to

Classrooms Across America Across The World and and Connect With the public in A way we've Never been, able to before

So if We Can Really put Projects like Worldwide Telescope in Datasets like the Mars High-Rise Dataset I think

We could inspire the next Generation of Americans like apollo?

Inspired This Generation of Americans to Really be Innovators the Thought leaders and Be leaders in the World

The interest of Time I'm going to skip Ahead and Just Take Us to the last but I want to tell you about Which Is

Exploration Ground Data System

You all know you've Probably Seen on TV that then when nasa operates Missions We typically Have large Control Rooms of very excited People?

Trying to Figure out how, do We Operate a Robot or a spacecraft how

Do We Work with Humans on the Space Station These are large Teams?

One of the key Questions Is how do you coordinate the Activity of Those Teams on the Ground

Supporting Those Things Which are not on the ground Things are in Space Things on our other Planets?

Traditionally We spent A lot of Time Creating One-off Systems that

Is will create A mission and will staff Up a whole Team and Build A very Expensive very large

Software System That's used Just for that single Mission and that's Been an effective Way for us because

We don't have that Many Missions I mean They're There Frankly a number of Missions out There that that Take A?

Decades Or Maybe a whole Career to put Together

But if You Think about it the World doesn't Operate that Way Anymore

Software Is Something that Changes very Rapidly

Whether it's on your Phone on your Desktop your laptop it's something Which is Distributed

We don't have large systems in our Offices in Fact most of Us May not even Use an Office

We may exist by working in Cafes and so the Question is how do we?

Try to Catch Up in Terms of the World of Software for the way that We Operate These Missions so here we've Been?

Been Trying to Figure out How to create a Web-Based systems to Help Plan

Monitor and

Ultimately Explore Whether, we're Using Robots or humans to Carry out Activities

and This of Course as I was Saying Just with the Robots before is the kind of Thing that could be Done before so in

A planning Phase during the Mission and when you're Carrying something out?

Human Or Robot and Afterwards the Idea that you can use the same sort of Software to support your Analysis

We've Been Looking at a number of Different?

Exploration Missions of These Future Mission Concepts Some of Those Involving Humans

In Say the Space Exploration Vehicle in The Center There some using Robots as You've Seen before with With the K10

Planetary Rovers and Other other Cases That we've Tested out Over the past several years Nasa Carries out

oh

I'm pretty much a yearly Basis A number of Different of These

Planetary Analog Field Campaigns, We tried to support These in Fact There's one That Just Wrapped up last Week That?

Was at the crater of the Moons in idaho where, We were Trying to Use our Software to support?

Exploration

The System We've Developed Here and my group is called the Exploration ground Data System and like all good nasa Projects has a nice Acronym

XGds Which is Only Meaningful to the Developers

But xgds is a system it's a web-Based System that allows us to combine

These Maps and Data like I just showed you in the Previous segment here in A way that allows People to Interactively Browse

Without A whole Lot of Training and People use that to Carry out These Exploration Missions

For Those of you who are the Geeks in The Room and Really

Don't know About the Details Underneath it it's a web-Based System it uses Jango and my Sequel

Pulls Together A lot of Different Kind of Data Interfaces Different user Interfaces Including Google Earth

Openstreetmap Web Browsers

and all kinds of Data if You're interested I can Point you to a couple of Papers about this

Or if You're Just in Coming to Work on this Come See me Afterwards and we Can Talk about that

But what, We use this tool for Is?

to have a nice Way to Quickly and Rapidly and Flexibly Support Different

People who Care About science Operations for Fuel Exploration Missions

We serve Maps We serve Data That We Use for Planning Purposes for Laying out Traverses?

We Can track in Real Time People and Human and People in Human People and Robots as There as they are Acquiring Data

We can represent the Data Products that Are Acquired Either real live raw. Data or the derived Products after Processing

We Can Show raster Plots so you Can Actually Look at?

Signals Over Time Information That's very Important if You're Trying to look at

Time Varying signals Or things Which are Really driven by where you are at a Certain moment

We can turn That Information Into Raster Maps and Show a Different?

Coloring of

Various Parameters of The Environment vary Characteristics Change over Spatial

Regions We can

Log Different Information and Real Time so this Is sort of like a Stenographer

Function Or you're Trying to Log Information and We Can cross link Those with Images and Geographic Data

and of Course then you Can Take all Information and Provide tools to help People Browse this Information These are Kinds of

Flexible tools that We all are used to today in our everyday life but Which we've Never Had before?

in Terms of Real-Time Mission Operations is Especially for Exploration Missions

We've done This Work and Never Drew Projects one of Those the Pavilion lake Research Project

Was an Interesting Project that's Led by Darlene Lim here at. Nasa ames Where They've used These One-Man submersibles to map out

Microbial Light Formations in A lake Loop North of Vancouver and Canada is Actually a Video of darlene

Having A fun day at Work where She's out to doing some Exploration in This One-Man Submersible

These Are Kind of images that are Collected by

The Pilots as They're Flying Around Underwater and Pavilion Lake Here and They're Making Real-Time Observations

Commentary That is Streamed up along With This High-Definition Video that we're Recording

and then Putting Into our Exploration ground Data System and in an effort to try to understand the the Formation of

These Really Interesting

Areas Within Fidelium Lake

We've used all the Information put it together Into These Different tools and That's Really Helped us Figure out how, we Can Better support?

Distributed Science Operations as we're Looking for Future Missions

The Kind of Thing that We Feel is important to be more Flexible more Extensible and Ultimately More

Reusable if We're Gonna Carry out Missions

That Are not Just One-Offs and Missions that are not Just you know

One Per Career but Missions That Happen Routinely Throughout the lives of the People Involved

I'm just going to wrap up right now Since I see every run a little bit Short

Of Time Here and Just Point out to you that I've Told you about Three Different Ways

Of Perhaps Reinventing Planetary Exploration the idea of using Robots With Human Explorers Robots That Work Before in Parallel or after

Very Important Interesting Challenges in Terms of how do you core Human and Robot Activity Secondly and the fact that Today

The World Relies Upon

Geography in Ways That we'd never Thought

Were going to be critical to our everyday lives but

Fundamentally Are Also Important I think for Planetary Exploration and Finally This Whole Notion that it's Important to think About how

We reinvent Software to Make it more Flexible more Distributed more WeB-Based?

Lighter weight to Really support the Way that

We Can Carry out Exploration tasks but in Essence all that's Really?

Just meant to be a starting Point for trying to reinvent the Way that

We explore outer Space?

It's something that Would Challenge all of you each and Every one of you to think about how Can

We take the tools Today and Make them better how Can, We create new tools and?

Go Further Than we've Ever gone Before but With that I'll wrap Up and

Turn it Back Over to Jacob

So, We have Time For A few Questions if You have a question please raise your Hand Wait for the Microphone and Ask One Question

Only Thank you

Hi There Thanks for the Amazing Talk

Can you actually Say any Kind of Difference Main Differences for

A

Combine Misha Robotic Human

Between The Moon and Mars

So i think that one of the things the nasa Cares About Today is is Understanding how, do we get to Mars

The Agency Is

Focused Really on This whole Journey to Mars and That Involves The development of tools and Systems that can be tested out on the Moon?

And used Ultimately on Mars and One of the Areas that the Agency Really Is Putting a lot of Effort Into right Now is Understanding

How do Robots

you know Support That

One of the things that, We do know is that

We are Going to need Robots to carry out A lot of Activities when humans aren't present Because

We can't Keep Humans in Space Indefinitely and Then Even When humans are Present and Something I didn't Talk About Today?

Is that We have to be able to use these Robots to Help support Humans a space Station for example right now

Exists Because not Only The People on board the Space Station but for the fact that

We have A very large Mission Control Team that's in Continuous tight Communications With the People on the Space Station?

Well Think of what happens if You Take Those People and You put Them far out at mars?

Perhaps 20 To 40 Minute Round-Trip Communication Delay and They're No longer Tightly Coupled

Well in Those Situations when you need to take Care of The vehicle Basic Housekeeping and Things like that

You're Going to need Robots to Help support you know the humans that are Trying to live and Work There I

Guess you Just

Kind of morgan From Florida Tech I guess you just sort of Talked a little bit About that but how

do you See Robots Working in the Future to like build Habitation for Humans and and how, do you See

Human and Robotic Teams Working Together From Like Long Distance

Environments Yeah that's a great Question I think that if We are going to send

To live in Some Place Whether that's on the Moon or Mars or other Destinations We have to find Ways of Building the Infrastructure and

Maintain it Even When They're not present

And in Particular part of that Is that, We can't Just Launch Every Single Thing that?

We need from Earth it's Incredibly difficult to to launch

Large Structures is Incredibly difficult to supply all the Information all the Infrastructure and all the consumables that you need to Continuously

You know, Keep Those things Running and so one of the things that, We have to do is Figure out how?

Do We use Robots for that are They Just to assemble things do They

Support Other Things Such as collecting Resources and Processing Those Resources

Ames for Example Is working on A developing a future Planetary Mission called resource Prospector Where we're Interested in Going to the Moon and

Looking and Characterizing the Presence of Hydrogen

In This in the Subsurface and if We Can Really Determine that yes This is a resource

We can mine and then Process, well now We don't need to bring Fuel Along from earth Or?

We don't need to to bring Water, we Can actually?

Mine it and use it on the on the Moon and of Course that's not something that

We would Rely on Humans to do We Carry that Up here Lee Robotically

Those Are The Kinds of Things I think are Really important as, we're Looking Towards the Future

Ok, so please Join, Me in Thanking Dr.. Fung for an excellent Seminar

you

For more infomation >> Terry Fong - Planetary Exploration Reinvented | Science Public Lecture | NASA Lecture - Duration: 56:06.

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Resumption of South Korea-China public exchanges may signal improved bilateral relations - Duration: 1:53.

Our starting point this morning,... the warming relationship between South Korea and China.

It had looked as though there would be no turning back when Beijing began imposing highly

damaging economic retaliation measures over Seoul's missile defense upgrade decision.

But with the top nuclear envoys of the two sides set to hold talks in Beijing today,..

the door for more meetings and closer ties is now open.

Kim Hyo-sun reports.

South Korea's special representative for Korean Peninsula peace and security affairs, Lee

Do-hoon, will meet with his Chinese counterpart Kong Xuanyou in Beijing on Tuesday.

This will be their first face-to-face meeting since the two took office.

And early next month,... a delegation of six South Korean lawmakers led by Representative

Chung Dong-young of the liberal opposition People's Party,... will sit down with China's

former State Councilor Tang Jiaxuan to discuss measures to tackle North Korea's nuclear threats.

Moreover, former South Korean prime minister Lee Soo-sung and five sitting lawmakers are

scheduled to attend a seminar with Chinese diplomatic experts in Beijing on Friday.

The two neighbors also plan to resume police authorities exchanges, which have been halted

since July last year after Seoul's announcement of the deployment of the THAAD anti-missile

system.

Diplomatic sources in Beijing have interpreted the resumption of government-level exchanges

as a positive sign.

(CHINESE) "We hope South Korea-China relations return

to a peaceful and healthy trajectory as soon as possible."

With such a marked thawing of relations,... watchers note that such changes could be seen

as orders from the Chinese leadership.

Kim Hyo-sun, Arirang News.

For more infomation >> Resumption of South Korea-China public exchanges may signal improved bilateral relations - Duration: 1:53.

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[Halloween Special] DANCING KPOP IN PUBLIC CHALLENGE #4 - Duration: 7:03.

For more infomation >> [Halloween Special] DANCING KPOP IN PUBLIC CHALLENGE #4 - Duration: 7:03.

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First Lady Melania Trump wowed the public when she wearing a form fitting-little black dress - Duration: 2:22.

For more infomation >> First Lady Melania Trump wowed the public when she wearing a form fitting-little black dress - Duration: 2:22.

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California Gas Tax Is Good For Public Transit, But Not For Drivers' Wallets - Duration: 2:53.

For more infomation >> California Gas Tax Is Good For Public Transit, But Not For Drivers' Wallets - Duration: 2:53.

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Public speaking nightmares - blubbing - Duration: 1:15.

Its not a good look

when you stand up to give a speech

and you're over-emotional.

This isn't the Royal Shakespeare Company!

You might be giving your daughter away

You might be getting married

You might feel incredibly passionate about your subject at a conference

But you don't want to give-in to the emotions

and there's only one way to stop it happening on the night and that's ...

To rehearse properly!

Not mumbling the words to yourself when you're on the train

but to stand up and deliver the thing like you mean it.

get the tears out

get the emotion out when you're rehearsing it quietly and privately

and get to a stage where you know you're in control

then you get up and give your speech on the day

and the words will create great impact and emotion on everyone else

but you can stay calm, collected and in control

For more infomation >> Public speaking nightmares - blubbing - Duration: 1:15.

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New resources spur success at Samuel Terry Public School - Duration: 1:11.

At Samuel Terry Public School we have utilised our additional funding

which has achieved great success across the school.

We were given the target specifically for

our school to improve literacy and numeracy by 6% over three years,

so we've actually exceeded that goal in the first two years.

So we're really proud of that.

We employed an extra 11 SLSOs. (School Learning Support Officers).

Every one of those aides

has been trained in specific programs to assist with student learning in the classroom.

We bought 137 iPads for the school and

also 20 laptops and they are used throughout the school every single day.

We've started a program across the school where every child from

kindergarten through to Year 6 learns computer coding,

so they become controllers of technology

and not just passive users of technology.

We've also used that funding for again fun and engaging programs

such as our Creative Clubs afternoons

where teachers get to teach children something which is a passion of theirs.

Children being more engaged in class is what it's all about.

They want to come to school and

they're learning without even knowing it.

For more infomation >> New resources spur success at Samuel Terry Public School - Duration: 1:11.

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The Secret Lives of Public Servants - Episode 1: The Radical Artist - Duration: 4:25.

The truth of the matter is,

(music)

My name is Marc Adornato. I moonlight as a contemporary social-political artist

in Ottawa. So basically I work for the public service.

Unfortunately I can't reveal a whole lot of information about what I do because

there's a conflict of interest policy that says that I can't really say who I

work for or where I work or what I really do at work.

(music)

Kind of came as a natural evolution to start making artwork about politics and

stuff that's happening in the world and then as the years I guess maybe because

I'm in Ottawa a lot of the jobs here are government-related or they're political-

related in some way, so it just kind of turned out to be that I got a job which

would then inform me about the politics, which is a kind of cool angle and then

I'd go home and make my artwork that's also politically-related

(music)

(saw cutting)

(electronic beeping)

So this piece is a piece I made out of junk called the electric communist detector

(electronic beeping, continued)

It essentially detects communists.

(electronic beeping, continued)

Basically the paintings I submitted to the RBC painting competition.

RBC's mascot, his name is Arby, actually, just found out that his job is being exported to India,

so he gives the finger to RBC

then proceeds to light up a Molotov cocktail and throw it at the bank which

he then burns down and you see here with the bank burning and then he is then

subsequently tasered by the RCMP to death.

I think it's important that even public service people public employees outside of work can can speak freely

about what they believe in and you know that kind of stuff

(music)

The reality is it's really tough to become financially independent off just

being an artist. So that's where, you know, the job that I have is paying the bills

and pays me to to be able to buy tools for my workshops and stuff like this.

"Gonna open the floor up for this piece with fifty dollars."

"Do we have fifty dollars?"

"We have fifty dollars, all the money going to the Ottawa Riverkeeper."

"We have fifty dollars right here? Do we have fifty-five?"

"Fifty-five, right there. Do we have sixty, sixty. We have sixty-five..."

I really actually enjoy enjoy both my job and I enjoy doing the art work. So I've really got kind of

lucky like that I can have fun doing both things.

Whoo!

(chuckles)

it's hard to figure out what people do sometimes, as public servants outside of work, because we do we live

very bizzare lives I think.

I mean everybody's I guess sometimes got a really strong passion that they're almost crazy about

and I would put myself in that category.

(music)

We go to work and we're like this family that all works together and we know our jobs and our titles and what we do there at work

and we kind of assume that that's it, that everyone goes home at the end of

the day and they're parents or guarding family members that are taken care of or

they're just chilling out, you know?

(music)

This should be like an interesting program. (chuckles)

For more infomation >> The Secret Lives of Public Servants - Episode 1: The Radical Artist - Duration: 4:25.

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SCDOT holding a public information meeting on changes to Woodruff Road next week - Duration: 1:40.

For more infomation >> SCDOT holding a public information meeting on changes to Woodruff Road next week - Duration: 1:40.

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Theater Of Public Policy Mixes Comedy, Politics - Duration: 3:21.

For more infomation >> Theater Of Public Policy Mixes Comedy, Politics - Duration: 3:21.

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Birmingham city council to hold public hearing on Skyy Nightclub business license - Duration: 0:44.

For more infomation >> Birmingham city council to hold public hearing on Skyy Nightclub business license - Duration: 0:44.

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Why do so many people love having sex in public places? - Duration: 13:53.

Why do so many people love having sex in public places?

I checked out the footage online.

(it was a slow news day, okay?).

and I felt almost nostalgic.

"Young love," I thought wistfully,.

as I made pancakes for the kids.

"They must really be into each other.

It's been a long time since I've had.

sex on a train platform.

A very long time, since I've never.

actually had sex on a train platform.

Still, I vividly recall the thrill of risky sex,.

sneaking a shag in when there's a good chance of being caught.

Most of us will, if only from our younger days.

Who didn't smuggle their boyfriend into their room and.

have a quickie before their parents got home?.

It feels subversive and exciting,.

with a shivery sense of triumph when you succeed.

Or, er, so I hear.

Yep, this is certainly taboo.

Source:Twitter  .

Having sex in public places is a little more.

kinky than sneaky bedroom sex,.

but it's on the same continuum.

And, as sexologist Nikki Goldstein explains to me,.

sex in public is a fairly standard fantasy.

It is illegal, and so it is taboo,.

and we are all turned on by the idea of a taboo.

Even sharing the stories is fun.

How many brilliant conversations have.

begun with the titillating words,.

"what is the weirdest place you've ever had sex?.

" (For the record, my second weirdest.

was in a stair well during a party.

And no, you don't need to know the first.

  Yep, these two were not shy.

Source:Twitter  .

So what kind of person actually goes through.

with the fantasy and has sex in public?.

Well, according to Nikki,.

some public sexers are attention seekers,.

and others are just trying to be kinky.

Some have agoraphilia,.

and become aroused from having sex in public.

Most enjoy the risk of being caught.

, rather than actually being sprung mid coitus.

And then there are those who actually enjoy.

being watched having sex,.

which is when kink veers into exhibitionism.

I've never been an exhibitionist.

(except when it comes to karaoke),.

but my desire for privacy has increased.

exponentially since having kids.

It's difficult to get any private time at all,.

let alone have sex uninterrupted in my own house.

The risk of being caught is a complete mood killer.

; instead of fantasising about public sex,.

I fantasise about locked hotel rooms and.

a reliable babysitter for the kids.

So is parenthood the end to public-sex fantasies?.

Well, not necessarily, says Nikki Goldstein.

, who explains that getting sprung by.

one's children is very different.

to getting sprung by another adult.

"Getting caught having sex by your kids.

is very awkward.

Getting caught by a stranger,.

on the other hand, isn't the end of the world.

If you take a mum and dad who are always.

worried about getting caught by their kids and.

put them in a park to have sex, they will still feel excited.

Probably, I think.

Just perhaps not a play park.

We are all utterly sick of them.

For more infomation >> Why do so many people love having sex in public places? - Duration: 13:53.

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Brother Of Good Samaritan Murdered In Pembroke Park Asks For Public's Help Finding Killer - Duration: 2:06.

For more infomation >> Brother Of Good Samaritan Murdered In Pembroke Park Asks For Public's Help Finding Killer - Duration: 2:06.

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Google v Apple: The tech war is ON after public SLAMS Google emoji but can YOU spot why? - Duration: 2:59.

Google v Apple: The tech war is ON after public SLAMS Google emoji but can YOU spot why?

has claimed it will 'drop everything' today to urgently address an issue that internet users have pointed out with the company's burger emoji. Internet users were incensed when they noticed a detail on the cheeseburger in the company's emoji.

The cheese in the Google version of the burger emoji is below the beef patty, whereas 's version features the cheese above the meat.  The drama started when writer Thomas Baekdal tweeted: "I think we need to have a discussion about how Googles burger emoji is placing the cheese underneath the burger, while Apple puts it on top.".

The tweet now has 16,467 retweets and 34,674 likes. Other Twitter users piled in to discuss the issue.

One wrote: "Can some top chef give a definitive answer on how to rearrange the toppings, if limit ingredients to: bun, tomato, lettuce, cheese, burger?" Another added: "OMG. Microsoft got it right! But Samsung puts the cheese on top of lettuce???".

Thomas tweeted an image of the analytics for his tweet, showing that over four million people saw his burger emoji complaint. Now Google have sprung into action to claim they will immediately to redress the issue.

The CEO Sundar Pichai said: "Will drop everything else we are doing and address on Monday:) if folks can agree on the correct way to do this!" Where do you think is the correct place to put cheese in a burger?.

A if you are hoping to buy the new iPhone X.  This groundbreaking new smartphone is the biggest update Apple has released in years and its sure to be a hugely popular device.

In fact, the iPhone X has already sold out online with fans now facing a 5-6 week wait to get their hands on one.

Apple has confirmed there will be a limited amount of stock available in stores on Friday morning with anyone wanting to be the first to own one advised to get in line early to avoid disappointment.